@article{hl1924colorado,
    author = "H.L.",
    title = "Colorado coal",
    year = "1924",
    journal = "Journal of the Franklin Institute",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-0032(24)90944-6",
    doi = "10.1016/s0016-0032(24)90944-6",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W4242187397",
    pages = "216",
    volume = "197"
}

@book{moore1940coal4,
    author = "Moore, E. S",
    title = "Coal",
    year = "1940",
    publisher = "Its Properties, Analysis, Classification, Extraction, Uses and Distribution [2nd ed.]: New York, John Wiley \& Sons, 473 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, E. S., 1940, Coal: Its Properties, Analysis, Classification, Extraction, Uses and Distribution [2nd ed.]: New York, John Wiley \& Sons, 473 p.}"
}

@article{doi101177001872675100400101,
    author = "Trist, Eric and Bamforth, K. W.",
    title = "Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "Human Relations",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675100400101",
    doi = "10.1177/001872675100400101",
    openalex = "W2119748171",
    references = "doi101016s014067364790336x, doi101177001872674900200102, doi1023072518850"
}

@article{doi1013065ceae40016bb11d78645000102c1865d,
    author = "Johnson, G.H. and Wood, Gordon H.",
    title = "Stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary Rocks of Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico",
    year = "1956",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT A thick sequence of late Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks is preserved in the Raton basin. These strata include the Pierre shale, Trinidad sandstone, and Vermejo formation of Late Cretaceous age; the Raton formation of Late Cretaceous and Paleocene age; the Poison Canyon formation of Paleocene age; the Cuchara and Huerfano formations of Eocene age; and two newly defined formations, one probably Oligocene and the other probably Miocene in age. These rocks record some of the stratigraphic and structural events of the Laramide revolution. In the southern Rocky Mountain region the Laramide revolution began with epeirogenic movements west of the Raton basin in late Montana time. The epeirogenic movements were followed by at least seven orogenic episodes, as shown by angular unconformities and lithologic features of the sedimentary rocks. During the Eocene the sedimentary rocks of the basin were intruded by igneous magma to form sills, dikes, plugs, stocks, sole injections, and laccoliths.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/5ceae400-16bb-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/5ceae400-16bb-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2156535809"
}

@misc{doi103133b1051,
    author = "Wood, Gordon H. and Johnson, Ross B. and Dixon, Greg",
    title = "Geology and coal resources of the Starkville-Weston area, Las Animas County, Colorado",
    year = "1957",
    abstract = {The part of the southern half of the Spanish Peaks quadrangle described in this report has an area of about 245 square miles.It is part of the Trinidad coalfield in the Raton Mesa region of southeastern Colorado, and extends from longitude 104°30'00" on the east to longitude 104°52'30" on the west and from the Colorado-New Mexico boundary line (approximately 37°00'00") on the south to latitude 37°10'00" on the north.Most of the area is in the Park Plateau subsection of the Raton section of the Great Plains physiographic province, the rest, near the town of Trinidad, is in the Chaquaqua Plateau subsection.The area lies on the eastern limb of the Raton basin, a large, complex, and asymmetric structural depression that extends northward from the vicinity of Las Vegas, N. Mex., into Huerfano Park, southern Colorado, and lies between the north-trending Sangre de Cristo Mountains on the west and the northeasterly trending Sierra Grande arch on the east.The approximate axis of the basin lies a few miles to the west of the report area near the foot of the Sangre 'de Cristo Mountains and its general trace roughly parallels the axis of the range.The Raton basin was formed during the latter part of the Laramide revolution (Eocene epoch) by the same compressive forces which produced the eastward thrusting in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.It is, in a regional sense, an overturned syncline, the western limb having been largely removed by erosion and the eastern limb having been irregularly downwarped into series of long, narrow, north-trending folds.Structural relief of these folds seldom exceeds 200 feet.A prism of sedimentary rock in the Raton Mesa region may be 10,000 feet thick in the eastern part of the area of the report and may thicken gradually to as much as 25,000 feet in the western part.Cenozoic rocks average about 2,000 feet in thickness, and •Mesozoic rocks, about 4,000 feet.The thickness of Paleozoic rocks is unknown, but it may range from 4,000 to 6,000 feet in the eastern part to 10,000 to 20,000 feet in the western part.Cenozoic rocks exposed in the area consist of the upper part of the Raton formation, the Poison Canyon formation, bodies of igneous.rocks,stream alluvium, upland cover, and soil mantle.The exposed Cretaceous strata from younger to older, consist, of the lower part of the Raton formation, Vermejo formation, Trinidad sandstone, and the upper beds of the Pierre shale.Cretaceous rocks in the subsurface, from younger to older, are the lower beds of the Pierre shale, Niobrara formation, Carlile shale, Greenhorn limestone, Graneros shale, Dakota sandstone, and Purgatoire formation.The Jurassic strata 1 2 COAL RESOURCES, STARKVILLE-WESTON AREA, COLORADO in the subsurface are assigned to the Morrison formation, Wanakah(?)formation, and Ocate sandstone.Triassic strata do not crop out in the region surrounding the area; however, a sequence of redbeds and limestone of possible Triassic or Permian age was entered by wells northeast and east of Trinidad andmay extend into this area.Paleozoic sediments accumulated during Pennsylvanian and Permian time as a geosynclinal sequenee in the Rowe-Mora basin, a depositional basin, which trended approximately north-south between the Uncompaghre positive element to the west and the Sierra Grande positive element to the east.The deepest part of the basin appears to have been within the present limits of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the eastern margin apparently lay along the western flank of the present Sierra Grande arch.Thus, the Paleozoic sediments in the subsurface of the area were deposited east of the depositional axis of the basin and are a part of a prism of sedimentary rock that thickens rapidly westward.The difference in thickness of the wedge from east to west across the area is unknown, but Paleozoic rocks may be about 4,00Q-6,000 feet thick in the subsurface of the eastern part of the area and as much as 10,00Q-20,000 feet thick in the western part.The oldest Paleozoic rocks probably are an undivided sequence of Pennsy,lva!lili\<n-age that may range in thickness from 2,000 feet in the east to 10,000 feet in the west.These sediments where exposed in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains appear to have been largely derived from the adjacent positive elements and deposited in a marine environment.There they consist of conglomerate, arkose, sandstone, dark shale, and limestone.The other Paleozoic rocks in the mountains are assigned to the Sangre de Cristo formation of late Pennsylvanian and early Permian(?)age.There they are a sequence of fine-to very coarse-grained continental redbeds.In the subsurface of the area, they may be about 2,000 feet thick beneath the eastern part and as much as 10,000 feet thick beneath the western part.Beds of coal occur in the lower few feet of the Poison Canyon formation, and throughout the V ermejo and Raton formations.The coal is of high volatile A and B bituminous rank (A. S. T. M. classification).On an "as received" basis the heating value ranges from slightly more than 12,000 to slightly less than 14,000 British Thermal Units.The original reserves are estimated on a "bed-by-bed" basis and a "coal-zone" basis to have been about 5,244,490,000 short tons.The recoverable reserves based on the average percentage of recovery in coal mines of the western United States are about 2,567,500,000 short tons.The beds of coal vary in thickness and in content of impurities.Those in the Raton and Poison Canyon formations are, in general, more lenticular and variable than those in the Vermejo formation.The Frederick and Primero beds in the lower member of the Raton formation are in places thick and have been two of the most valuable sources of coal in the area.The Ciruela bed, in the middle member of the Raton has not been mined, is not as thick, is of lesser areal extent, and is, therefore, not as valuable.The Sopris, Cokedale, Upper Starkville, Lower Starkville, Morley, Piedmont, and Lower Piedmont beds of the Vermejo formation together with the Frederick and Primero beds, have yielded most of the coal produced in the area.At least 58,917,184 short tons have been mined by 1950.This is about 1 percent of the estimated total original reserves or about 2 percent of the estimated total recoverable reserves.Future mining probably will be directed toward parts of beds outlined by systematic drilling, and probably will be chiefly in areas west of Cokedale, south of the present mined-out limits in the Purgatoire Valley, and west of the Morley mine workings.These beds probably will be developed by long inclined slopes or by vertical shafts.precip-(years)},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/b1051",
    doi = "10.3133/b1051",
    openalex = "W1011473742",
    references = "doi101086623261, doi102307140252, doi102475ajss3740399, doi10313370038880, doi10313370159085, doi103133pp186k, doi103133pp95c"
}

@misc{doi103133b1042o,
    author = "Johnson, Ross Byron",
    title = "Geology and coal resources of the Walsenburg area, Huerfano County, Colorado",
    year = "1958",
    abstract = "Sedimentary rocks of the Walsenburg area, which encompasses about 236 square miles of the northern part of the Raton Mesa region of southeastern Colorado, belong to marine and nonmarine formations that range in age from Late Cretaceous to Quaternary.Intrusive igneous rocks of Tertiary age are also abundant and conspicuously exposed in the area.Both kinds of rocks show structural deformation caused by forces at work during the Laramide revolution.Beds of coal occur in the Vermejo and Raton formations of Late Cretaceous and Paleocene age.The Vermejo formation consists of 240 to 410 feet of alternating beds of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal.The Raton formation consists of 10 to 500 feet of alternating beds of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and coal, with a bed of conglomerate at the base of the'formation.The Vermejo contains 3 to 8 coal beds, and the Raton contains 1 to 3 coal beds, all more than 14 inches thick.The coal of the Walsenburg area is a nonagglomerating and nonweathering high-volatile C bituminous coal.In this area, the estimated original reserves of coal occurring in beds more than 14 inches thick and with less than 3,000 feet of overburden are 667.5 million short tons.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042o",
    doi = "10.3133/b1042o",
    openalex = "W182843398",
    references = "doi103133b1051"
}

@misc{doi103133b1072g,
    author = "Harbour, R.L. and Dixon, Greg",
    title = "Coal resources of Trinidad-Aguilar area, Las Animas and Huerfano Counties, Colorado",
    year = "1959",
    abstract = "PLATE 10.Geologic map of the Trinidad-Aguilar area.11. Generalized stratigraphic sections of the Trinidad, Vermejo, and Raton formations.12.Sections of coal beds in Vermejo formation.13.Sections of coal beds in Raton formation from Four Mile Canyon",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/b1072g",
    doi = "10.3133/b1072g",
    openalex = "W137392335",
    references = "doi101086625414, doi101130gsab471727, doi101130gsab5465, doi1013063d932b4016b111d78645000102c1865d, doi103133b1042o, doi103133b1072c, doi103133cir90, doi103133coal26, doi103133pp101, doi103133pp186k"
}

@misc{doi103133b1112e,
    author = "Johnson, Ross B.",
    title = "Coal resources of the Trinidad coal field in Huerfano and Las Animas counties, Colorado",
    year = "1961",
    abstract = "PLATE 12. Geologic map of the Trinidad coal field.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_In pocket FIGURE 18.Index map of the Trinidad coal field-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 19.Cokedale coal bed in the upper part of the Vermejo formation., 20.Frederick coal bed in the Raton formation,,\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 143 21.Coal bed in the Raton formation intruded by an igneous sill\_\_ 147 TABLES TABLE 1. Analyses of coals from the Trinidad coal field-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_--2.Classification of coals by rank\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_---\_\_\_\_\_\_\_--3.Total estimated",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/b1112e",
    doi = "10.3133/b1112e",
    openalex = "W944240730",
    references = "doi1013065ceae40016bb11d78645000102c1865d, doi102475ajss373729, doi102475ajss3740399, doi102475ajss435209531, doi10313370159085, doi103133coal26, doi103133m55, doi105281zenodo16258271, doi105962bhltitle36431, doi105962bhltitle55642"
}

@book{openalexw627761103,
    author = "Lowry, H. H.",
    title = "CHEMISTRY of coal utilization",
    year = "1963",
    booktitle = "John Wiley \& Sons eBooks",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W627761103",
    openalex = "W627761103"
}

@article{johnson1967the,
    author = "Johnson, R. G.",
    title = "The Encyclopedia of Oceanography. Rhodes W. Fairbridge",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/627264",
    doi = "10.1086/627264",
    number = "3",
    pages = "358-358",
    volume = "75"
}

@article{weyl1968the,
    author = "Weyl, Peter K.",
    title = "The Encyclopedia of Oceanography. Rhodes W. Fairbridge",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/405692",
    doi = "10.1086/405692",
    number = "1",
    pages = "107-107",
    volume = "43"
}

@article{doi1031582rmagmg63119,
    author = "Matuszczak, R.A.",
    title = "Trinidad Sandstone Interpreted, Evaluated, in Raton Basin, Colorado - New Mexico",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "The Mountain Geologist",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT: The Trinidad Sandstone of Late Cretaceous age was deposited as a complex of beach, nearshore and offshore sand bodies by a regressive Cretaceous sea. This regional regression in a northeast direction often paused and occasionally was transgressive. These pauses and transgressive interludes caused considerable thickening and winnowing of sand deposits which can be observed on outcrop. Outcrop data can be projected into trends by means of local sedimentary features and linked to the limited subsurface control. Combination of surface and subsurface data allows a preliminary attempt to establish trends of thickest, most porous sandstones. These trends are of prime interest to the petroleum geologist. Although no commercial oil or gas production has been developed, it is suggested that the potential of the Trinidad Sandstone is analogous to the deositionally and temporally similar Pictured Cliffs Sandstone of the San Juan basin.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.6.3.119",
    doi = "10.31582/rmag.mg.6.3.119",
    openalex = "W2466068321"
}

@article{doi103133pp676,
    author = "Fassett, James E. and Hinds, Jim S.",
    title = "Geology and fuel resources of the Fruitland Formation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "USGS professional paper",
    abstract = "A subsurface and surface study of the coal-bearing Fruitland Formation",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp676",
    doi = "10.3133/pp676",
    openalex = "W1529334115",
    references = "doi101016s0300957298001105, doi101130mem24, doi1013065ceae56516bb11d78645000102c1865d, doi101306sv22354c7, doi10313370207506, doi1056577ffc1109, doi1056577ffc2104, doi1056577ffc2124, doi1056577ffc2155, openalexw2772929664"
}

@misc{fassett1971geology2,
    author = "Fassett, J. E. and Hinds, J. S",
    title = "Geology and fuel resources of the Fruitland Formation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, v. 676; 76 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fassett, J. E., and Hinds, J. S., 1971, Geology and fuel resources of the Fruitland Formation and Kirtland Shale of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado: United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, v. 676; 76 pp.}"
}

@article{fudali1974the,
    author = "Fudali, R. F.",
    title = "The Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences. Rhodes W. Fairbridge",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/628020",
    doi = "10.1086/628020",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W2510754039",
    pages = "672-673",
    volume = "82"
}

@book{openalexw296468733,
    author = "Stach, Erich",
    title = "Stach's Textbook of coal petrology",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    abstract = "This book includes the origin of coal, its petrographic constitution, changes in the macerals during coalification, techniques of coal petrology and their application to problems of palaeobotany, geology, oil and gas prospecting, coal assessment, coal evaluation, and fuel technology. This is the Third Edition of this textbook. (DP)",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W296468733",
    openalex = "W296468733"
}

@misc{nevins1976the5,
    author = "Nevins, S. E",
    title = "The origin of coal",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 41, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nevins, S. E., 1976, The origin of coal: ICR Impact Series, v. 41, p. i-iv.}"
}

@article{openalexw1521060394,
    author = "Hacquebard, P A",
    title = "Stach's Textbook of Coal Petrology",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Geoscience Canada",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1521060394",
    openalex = "W1521060394"
}

@misc{landis1978coal3,
    author = "Landis, E. R. and Averitt, P",
    title = "Coal, in Fairbridge, R. W., and Bourgeois, J., eds., The Encyclopedia of Sedimentology",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, p. 165-167",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Landis, E. R., and Averitt, P., 1978, Coal, in Fairbridge, R. W., and Bourgeois, J., eds., The Encyclopedia of Sedimentology: Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, p. 165-167.}"
}

@book{doi101016c20130109373,
    title = "Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products",
    year = "1979",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/c2013-0-10937-3",
    doi = "10.1016/c2013-0-10937-3",
    openalex = "W1997356459"
}

@inproceedings{tremain1980the,
    author = "Tremain, Carol M.",
    title = "The Coal Bed Methane Potential of the Raton Basin, Colorado",
    year = "1980",
    booktitle = "SPE Unconventional Gas Recovery Symposium",
    abstract = "In order to determine the coal bed methane potential of the Raton basin, Colorado Geological Survey personnel studied the geography, the geology, the history of oil and gas exploration, and the coal resources and past production in the Raton coal region. Data gathered during study of the above disciplines, along with direct measurements of the coals’ gas content, can be used to estimate the methane potential of the Raton basin.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2118/8927-ms",
    doi = "10.2118/8927-ms",
    openalex = "W2068595465",
    references = "doi101016jjtcvs201907078, doi103133b1051, doi103133b1072g, doi103133b1112e, doi1031582rmagmg63119, tremain1980the"
}

@article{schopf1981the,
    author = "Schopf, Thomas J. M.",
    title = "The Encyclopedia of Paleontology. R. W. Fairbridge, D. Jablonski",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/628574",
    doi = "10.1086/628574",
    number = "1",
    pages = "141-141",
    volume = "89"
}

@article{snelling1984coal6,
    author = "Snelling, A. and Mackay, J",
    title = "Coal volcanism and Noah's Flood",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 11-29",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Snelling, A., and Mackay, J., 1984, Coal volcanism and Noah's Flood: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 11-29.}"
}

@techreport{conner1985sixtyfive1,
    author = "Conner, C. W",
    title = "Sixty-five volcanic events recorded in a single coal bed",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 69, p. 246",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Conner, C. W., 1985, Sixty-five volcanic events recorded in a single coal bed: Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v. 69, p. 246.}"
}

@article{doi10211820667ms,
    author = "Close, Jay C. and Dutcher, Russell R.",
    title = "Update on Coalbed Methane Potential of Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition",
    abstract = {Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present an updated overview on the coalbed methane potential of the Raton Basin of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico, in which coal measures underlie approximately 2000 square miles. Prior to this and related studies by us, the most recent public assessment of Raton Basin coalbed methane resources was published in 1984, which was extracted from another study completed in 1980. The Raton Basin is one of several basins in the U.S. that has undeveloped coalbed methane potential and is presently undergoing active coalbed methane exploration. The geology and measured and inferred reservoir characteristics of Raton Basin coalbed methane are, by analogy, essentially a combination of commercial Black Warrior Basin (Alabama) coalbed methane reservoir thicknesses, lateral continuity, vertical distribution, drilling depths, pressures, and gas and water productivity, and commercial northern San Juan Basin (Colorado and New Mexico) coalbed methane reservoir gas contents, diffusion characteristics, and permeability. Updated subsurface maps and cross sections which incorporate new geophysical log data and outcrop observations indicate that potential Raton Basin coalbed methane reservoirs are typically 2 to 10 feet thick at depths of up to 2500 feet, and have cumulative net thicknesses of 15 to 70 feet. Net coal isolith, depth, structure, coal characterization, depositional environment and hydrogeologic maps and data, along with published information indicating gas contents from negligible to approximately 500 standard cubic feet (SCF) per ton, suggest that these potential reservoirs may contain a nearly pure methane natural gas resource of up to 40 billion cubic feet (BCF) per square mile. A significant portion of the Raton Basin is considered prospective for coalbed methane in the long term. Potentially commercial areas contain an estimated ultimate natural gas reserve of up to roughly 1 trillion cubic feet (TCF). An "average" Raton Basin coalbed methane well (30 feet of producible coal with a gas content of 250 SCF/ton, 1 to 5 millidarcy absolute permeability, normally- to somewhat under-pressured, somewhat damaged, and with very fast diffusion characteristics) is estimated to have recoverable reserves of 1.1 BCF per one-quarter of a square mile (160 acres) over a 10-year period. This recoverable reserve estimate is equivalent to average gas recoveries in commercial coalbed methane producing areas of the northern San Juan Basin over an approximately 10-year period, and thus the Raton Basin coalbed methane well reserve estimate is considered optimistic. Published chemical data indicate that central Raton Basin coalbed reservoir waters are almost fresh, which opens up the possibilities of low-cost surface water disposal, and use of the water by ranchers in this semiarid, agriculturally-based area. Unfortunately, Raton Basin coalbed methane delineation and production are currently hampered by multiple, thin coal zone hydraulic fracture completion problems, weak gas markets and lack of a pipeline infrastructure. However, coalbed methane and conventional reservoir drilling activity in the Raton Basin is on the strong upturn, and it is possible that the collective potential reserve base of several operators may justify gas pipeline installation. We predict that development of improved completion techniques, along with a long term increase in domestic gas prices and demand, will favor large scale commercial development of Raton Basin coalbed methane after payout starting in about 1995.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2118/20667-ms",
    doi = "10.2118/20667-ms",
    openalex = "W2008171757",
    references = "doi103133b1051, doi103133b1072g, doi103133b1112e"
}

@book{openalexw588776640,
    author = "Swaine, Dalway J.",
    title = "Trace Elements in Coal",
    year = "1990",
    abstract = "Origin of trace elements in coal mode of occurrence of trace elements in coal methods of analysis contents of trace elements in coals comparisons of coal with shale and soil variations within seams radioactivity and coal relevance of trace elements in coal.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W588776640",
    openalex = "W588776640"
}

@article{andrewrscott1996coal,
    author = "Andrew R. Scott, Roger Tyler, W. R.",
    title = "Coal and Coal Gas Resources in the Piceance Basin, Colorado: ABSTRACT",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/522b3b91-1727-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/522b3b91-1727-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2312985135",
    volume = "80"
}

@article{doi101016jpecs200507001,
    author = "Buhre, B.J.P. and Elliott, Liza and Sheng, Changdong and Gupta, Rajender and Wall, Terry",
    title = "Oxy-fuel combustion technology for coal-fired power generation",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Progress in Energy and Combustion Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.07.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.pecs.2005.07.001",
    openalex = "W2011608289",
    references = "doi101016019689049500126x, doi101016c20100658743, doi101016s0010218072800841, doi101016s0016236100000478, doi101016s0016236100001976, doi101016s0196890403000402, doi101016s0360544296001338, doi10108010473289200310466206, doi101787weo2004en, openalexw3135227555"
}

@article{openalexw2283214333,
    author = "Sweet, Dustin E.",
    title = "Glaciation in equatorial Pangaea: Testing the hypothesis in the Pennsylvanian-Permian Fountain Formation (Colorado)",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)",
    abstract = "Recently, Soreghan et al. (2007, 2008) suggested that Unaweep Canyon of western Colorado was initially carved by Late Paleozoic equatorial glaciers that reached modest elevations (<1000 m). Furthermore, Soreghan et al. (in press) suggest that the Permian Cutler Formation cropping out at the mouth of Unaweep Canyon represents proglacial and ice-contact deposition. These new hypotheses are important because they challenge previously proposed models and they provide new ideas for Late Paleozoic climate states, chiefly low-latitude, low-elevation glaciation. However, if these hypotheses are valid, then the Cutler-Unaweep glacial system should not have been a singular event and other glacial systems should have been present within the ancestral Rocky Mountains. This study tests the hypotheses that glacial and proglacial conditions influenced sedimentation in the Late Paleozoic Fountain Formation where it crops out along the east flank of the Front Range of Colorado. In addition, data providing constraints on basin evolution in the Manitou Springs, Colorado, region and estimates of global sea level change are presented. The work is organized such that each chapter represents a stand-alone entity.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2283214333",
    openalex = "W2283214333"
}

@article{doi101016jfuel201203024,
    author = "Blissett, Robert and Rowson, N.A.",
    title = "A review of the multi-component utilisation of coal fly ash",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Fuel",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.024",
    doi = "10.1016/j.fuel.2012.03.024",
    openalex = "W2014554031",
    references = "doi101007s108530060637z, doi101016jagee200911013, doi101016jcemconres201103016, doi101016jcoal201110006, doi101016jecolecon200310017, doi101016jjclepro201102010, doi101016jjclepro201103012, doi101016jmineng201109009, doi101016jpecs200911003, doi101016s0045653503005174, doi101016s0166516202001246, doi101038359710a0, doi101435913485"
}

@article{doi101016jfuproc201209051,
    author = "Yu, Jianglong and Tahmasebi, Arash and Han, Yanna and Yin, Fengkui and Li, Xiangchun",
    title = "A review on water in low rank coals: The existence, interaction with coal structure and effects on coal utilization",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Fuel Processing Technology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.051",
    doi = "10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.051",
    openalex = "W2008252942",
    references = "doi101007978940110529315, doi1010160016236172900038, doi101016b9780080442693x50006, doi101016c20120014408, doi101016c20130109373, doi101016jjcis200911064, doi101016s036012850300042x, doi10108007373930802683005, doi101126science2545029231, openalexw627761103"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201411016,
    author = "Yao, Zhitong and Ji, Xiaosheng and Sarker, Prabir Kumar and Tang, Jun and Ge, Lichao and Xia, Meisheng and Xi, Yimiao",
    title = "A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.016",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.016",
    openalex = "W1968336880",
    references = "doi1010160043135485901459, doi101016jagee200911013, doi101016jcoal201110006, doi101016jearscirev200902004, doi101016jfuel201203024, doi101016jpecs200911003, doi101016jpnsc200812006, doi101016s0045653503005174, doi101016s0166516202001246, doi102134jeq198000472425000900030001x"
}

@article{doi101016joregeorev201503010,
    author = "Dai, Shifeng and Yang, Jianye and Ward, Colin R. and Hower, James C. and Liu, Huidong and Garrison, Trent M. and French, David and O’Keefe, Jennifer M.K.",
    title = "Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for a coal-hosted uranium deposit in the Yili Basin, Xinjiang, northwestern China",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Ore Geology Reviews",
    abstract = "The petrological, geochemical, and mineralogical compositions of the coal-hosted Jurassic uranium ore deposit in the Yili Basin of Xinjiang province, northwestern China, were investigated using optical microscopy and field emission-scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, as well as X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The Yili coal is of high volatile C/B bituminous rank (0.51–0.59\% vitrinite reflectance) and has a medium sulfur content (1.32\% on average). Fusinite and semifusinite generally dominate the maceral assemblage, which exhibits forms suggesting fire-driven formation of those macerals together with forms suggesting degradation of wood followed by burning. The Yili coals are characterized by high concentrations of U (up to 7207 μg/g), Se (up to 253 μg/g), Mo (1248 μg/g), and Re (up to 34 μg/g), as well as As (up to 234 μg/g) and Hg (up to 3858 ng/g). Relative to the upper continental crust, the rare earth elements (REEs) in the coals are characterized by heavy or/and medium REE enrichment. The minerals in the Yili coals are mainly quartz, kaolinite, illite and illite/smectite, as well as, to a lesser extent, K-feldspar, chlorite, pyrite, and trace amounts of calcite, dolomite, amphibole, millerite, chalcopyrite, cattierite, siegenite, ferroselite, krutaite, eskebornite, pitchblende, coffinite, silicorhabdophane, and zircon. The enrichment and modes of occurrence of the trace elements, and also of the minerals in the coal, are attributed to derivation from a sediment source region of felsic and intermediate petrological composition, and to two different later-stage solutions (a U–Se–Mo–Re rich infiltrational and a Hg–As-rich exfiltrational volcanogenic solution). The main elements with high enrichment factors, U, Se, As, and Hg, overall exhibit a mixed organic–inorganic affinity. The uranium minerals, pitchblende and coffinite, occur as cavity-fillings in structured inertinite macerals. Selenium, As, and Hg in high-pyrite samples mainly show a sulfide affinity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.03.010",
    doi = "10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.03.010",
    openalex = "W2037865108",
    references = "doi1010160009254173900491, doi101016jcoal201205009"
}

@inproceedings{parihar2016infill,
    author = "Parihar, Prannay and Warner, Russell and Micikas, James and Armpriester, Lianne and Anderson, James and Zuluaga, Elizabeth",
    title = "Infill Drilling Opportunity in Fruitland Coal, San Juan Basin, Colorado",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "SPE Low Perm Symposium",
    abstract = "The San Juan Basin, located in northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, is one of the most prolific natural gas producing regions, and one of the largest gas basin in the United States in terms of total estimated gas reserves. More coalbed methane has been produced from the San Juan Basin than the rest of the world combined. This paper analyzes the performance of original and infill wells producing from the Fruitland Coal formation and offsetting Chevron's acreage position in key areas of the North San Juan Basin. Subsurface and production data of these wells available in the public domain formed the basis for the project team to recommend an infill drilling program to maximize the value of the company's current acreage position. The project team developed a comprehensive approach to arrive at a probabilistic production forecast and utilized subsurface data on coal gas content and bulk density available in public domain for San Juan Basin to confirm the remaining gas-in-place and need for additional takeaway points in the reservoir. Decline curve analysis was used to assess the production performance of more than one hundred infill wells drilled since 2007 and to determine the potential impact on the expected ultimate gas recovery of the offset original 160-acre spacing wells. Understanding potential interference risk was critical to justifying the need for downspacing. The project team recommended drilling additional infill wells based on several criteria: no observation of significant interference with the majority of existing producers, considerable remaining gas-in-place that could not be developed at the current well spacing and a positive correlation between performance of Fruitland Coal wells and the thermal maturity of the San Juan Basin. The project team performed data analysis of four different type producing areas (TPAs) delineated within the basin based upon similar reservoir characteristics and production behavior. The data analysis confirmed the opportunity to drill and reduce spacing for improved recovery in areas where underlying geologic parameters like reservoir connectivity and reduced permeability has led to low recovery.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2118/180247-ms",
    doi = "10.2118/180247-ms",
    openalex = "W2335793427",
    references = "doi102118134249ms, doi10211822913ms, doi102118945228g, doi10252322913ms, doi10252398010ms, doi103133om109"
}

@article{doi102118209698ms,
    author = "Serikov, Galymzhan and Wang, Lei and Asif, Mohammad and Hazlett, Randy",
    title = "Simulation Evaluation of CO2-ECBM Potential in Karaganda Coal Basin in Kazakhstan",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "Abstract Karaganda Coal Basin is the largest coal basin in Kazakhstan with around one trillion cubic meters of coalbed methane, which has not been tapped to date. Also, simulation research on the production of coalbed methane from the Karaganda Coal Basin has not been conducted. Seeing that primary production of coalbed methane (CBM) is generally slow and recovery is not high, we proposed to evaluate the potential of implementing CO2-ECBM processes in Karaganda Coal Basin in Kazakhstan. It is known that CO2 adsorption on coal is much higher than methane so it is important to study the displacement mechanisms by CO2 injection. Using the geological parameters collected for Karaganda Coal Basin, main factors affecting methane production including different rates of CO2 injection and different starting times of CO2 injection were simulated and compared. CO2 injection into CBM reservoir is predicted to be effective due to competitive adsorption of these gases. This study provides a workflow model for evaluating and predicting efficient CBM production from the Karaganda Coal Basin. Results from simulation studies showed that injection of 110,000 m3/day of CO2 is as practical as injection of 150,000 m3/day, with small difference in recovery factor. The methane production enhances from 68.32\% to 73.67-74.62\% at injection pressure 15,000 kPa. The CO2 injection after 30\% of primary recovery is the most efficient option. Early injection results in early breakthrough and high CO2 content in the producer well, while late injection leads to relatively low incremental recovery factor.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2118/209698-ms",
    doi = "10.2118/209698-ms",
    openalex = "W4281641195",
    references = "doi10252322913ms"
}