Feedback Compilation
Feedback for February 2005
Selected reader letters and TalkOrigins responses from February 2005.
Feedback Letter
In your answers to Haldane's dilemma on:
http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB121.html
something needs to be added. The main source of the dilemma is that Haldane makes an incorrect assumption. See:
http://www.bakkster.com/r_crea18.htm
for an explanation. For your convenience, I'm copying/pasting the relevant part of that web page:
Haldane's assumption was that it would take 300 generations to fix a single gene from initial mutation to ubiquity in a population. While one can debate this figure, it is not the main source of the Dilemma. This comes from the invalid assumptions that only one gene can be fixed at a time and that no other changes can accumulate until the ongoing one is fixed. That's why multiplying the number of generations per fixation by the number of total DNA differences makes no sense.
I noticed another problem with computer simulations for Haldane's dilemma. Some simulations assume just one parent because that's easier to program.... However, it's clear that evolution works much faster with two parents (that way good mutations can meet to produce even better offspring).
Mark van Hoeij
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A possible error: http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CE/CE310.html
The source of the shrinking sun claim is given as a 1974 book by Morris, but the response indicates that the claim stemmed from a report written in 1980. While Morris might be known by some for his smoke and mirrors, most would not ascribe future-telling to him as well.
Kurt Klein
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DNA is a code, all codes are intelligently designed, therefore life was intelligently designed.
I could find no complete refutation of this argument, and was curios of your thoughts on the matter. Obviously, the statement "all codes are intelligently desinged" has no proof, yet I could find no evidence of a complex code that was not intelligently designed. In any event, thanks for maintaining such a great, useful site!
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1. I was browsing your feedback and found one of your guys (Gary Hurd) taking a naive falsificationist view of science, whereby scientific theories cannot be proven but can be disproven (some say that this is what separates science from pseudoscience). Now, I don't do philosophy of science, but I think I know enough to inform you that this is a discredited view (or at least as discredited as a view can be when it's philosophical in nature). I take it that these days phil science experts don't go in for the proving or the disproving of theories at the hands of observation -- this is due to lots of worries about the relationship between theory and observation raised by Quine, Putnam, and others. Of course, some scientific theories are better than others, and this has a lot to do with how they stand with respect to observables, but the story is more complicated than that.
In any case, I imagine everyone would agree that there's something wrong with a scientific theory that has no observational implications at all. And that there's something wrong with theorists who endlessly tack on ad hoc hypotheses instead of revising their theory. And that might be all you need to say.
2. Also Troy Britain used "counterfactual" as though it meant "false". But a counterfactual statement is a statement that discusses alternate ways the world might have gone -- e.g., "If I hadn't scored that goal, my team would have lost" and "If Gore or Kerry had won, America's foreign policy wouldn't be so foolish".
Keep up the good work!
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Your use of the term refers to something called "counterfactual conditional sentences".
Thanks for mentioning this, I wasn't aware of these other uses of the term and will bear them in mind in future.
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The earliest fossil evidence for both insects and leafy plants (ferns to begin with) first appears in the Devonian period.
Extant species of leaf mimicking insects are much more recently evolved.
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Cheers, Alex.
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I send this letter in reply to Chris Colby's "Introduction to Evolutionary Biology"
In the paragraph "The development of Evolutionary Biology" he writes: "[...] Mendel mailed his paper to Darwin, but Darwin never opened it."
Because I have seen this factoid being used by some creationists to "discredit" Darwin (often refering to mr. Colby's article) I tried to find a relevant source to this claim. Apparantly, the claim that Darwin owned an unopened copy of Mendel's paper is exaggerated. As described in a letter by Andrew Sclater on the matter, this "unopened copy of Mendels' paper" is actually a part of a book which only mentions Mendel's studies. Mr. Sclater has also published his findings but unfortunately, I was unable to secure information beyond the abstract of this article.
It seems that Charles Darwin never owned a copy of Mendel's paper.
I think this information might be useful to pre-empt the next creationist who thinks this factoid will "utterly discredit" Darwin.
Sincerely,
Drs. Ronald Gravendeel
Licentiate Biology (K.U. Leuven, Belgium)
Belgium
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Darwin had, I recall, read a discussion of Mendel's works in brief, in a review of Continental biology, but which badly mangled it. However, I don't have the refs to hand right now.
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Dalley, Stephanie 2000 Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Revised Oxford: Oxford University Press
I enjoyed it quite a bit.
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Person 1: Well, how do creationists know that the Big Bang isn't true? Person 2: Tell me, Matt. If you put a bomb in your room, do you think setting it off would make it clean or dirty? 1) That's easy. A bomb would cause a huge mess. I would have clothes and toys all over the place. Mom wouldn't be happy about that at all. 2) Well, you can think of the Big Bang kind of like a big bomb. Evolutionists think that when this explosion happened things got more organized or straightened up instead of getting more disorganized or messy. 1) That sure doesn't make any sense. Another way we know evolution isn't true is to look at our so-called relatives, the monkeys. Man and animals do have many things in common, two eyes, two ears, and the way we breathe, for example. But if you compare DNA, the instructions inside our body that tell us how to look, of monkeys and men, there are some big differences. For the DNA of a monkey to accidentally change to the DNA of a man would be like saying I accidentally jumped over the Grand Canyon So big bang created everything that looks so beatiful on Earth? I wonder how Earth would look after an atomic bomb, maybe we might get more beautiful. Your logic is sad.
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Good luck.
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Now, if you try again from the begining ...
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My main anger with ID is the dishonesty used to push it.
One question that I have is: What exactly is intelligent design theory? I say theory very loosely. Other than saying complex life had to have behind its existence a designer. Exactly what is the theory?
1. Did the intelligent entity, which I will arbitrarily call God, interact with phyiscal world a billion years ago, a million years ago, last night? 2. Is God involved with every conceptions or cell splitting?
Science assumes that the physical universe is governed by rules. Does ID say that it isn't?
Other questions:
1. How can you prove or disprove a God behind the creation of life. 2. Why does it matter so much to ID proponents that evolution of life occurs?
My religious says God created the universe twenty years ago on January 22, 1985. He set up the physical universe in that one moment. Our memories for before then were simply implants.
My question is: is my religious belief a scientific theory?
It can not be proved or disproved. It could actually be true. It would violation the scientific assumption the the physical universe follows rules that have existed for billions of years. The universe is only 20 years old, after all.
My cousin has another religion that split off from mine. His religious belief is same as mine, except he believes the universe is actually 40 years old.
Which of our "theories" is right? Can they be proved or disproved?
My points are:
1. Science makes certain assumptions about the universe following rules. 2. Science observes and proposes theories. Then scientist try to prove the theories wrong using critical thinking, the scientific method, and intelligual honesty. 3. ID is not science. It is not honest. And it wants people not to use their critical thinking skills. 4. ID could very well be true. However, just like my religion and my cousin's religion, ID is a metaphysical, religious belief that can not be proved or disproved. 5. Science is not trying to answer the metaphysical question about God. It does not have to. God can exist or not. He could have intervened at any point in time and we can not prove or disprove it. This is not sciences role and should not be. 6. If ID gets into science classes it is the failure of the boards to be intellectually honest. 7. Does it bother anyone that people, who push ID and probably think of themselves as followers of God, are so intellectually dishonest?
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Response
Macroevolution on the scale that it is directly observable within a human life span would be fruit flies turning into a slightly different species of fruit flies, and this has been observed.
On speciation see:
- Observed Instances of Speciation by Joseph Boxhorn
- Some More Observed Speciation Events by Chris Stassen et al.
So, yes, macroevolution on a larger scale (the origin of new genera or families etc.) happens far too slowly to be directly observed. It is roughly analogous to the movement of continental plates. We can see small movements on various fault-lines (inches to feet during earthquakes), but to see continents moving hundreds of miles apart would take far, far, longer than a human life span.
However even though neither large scale macroevolution nor large scale continental movements can be observed directly (science doesn't require direct observation) they both leave lots of indirect evidence which can be observed.
If evolution (say from a dinosaur into a bird) were to take place in a manner your question suggests (directly observable within a human lifetime), this would violate everything we understand about how evolution operates. In other words what many antievolutionists demand as evidence for evolution is something which evolutionary theory says should not happen.
On macroevolution see:
- Macroevolution FAQ by John Wilkins
- 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent by Douglas Theobald
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Response
Answer: there are many rebuttals of creationist blogs and other nonsense. You can start here at TalkOrigins, or at PT. Keep your hands inside the carriage, and enjoy the ride.
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The TalkOrigins Archive Foundation is a non-profit organization whose purpose is to support the TalkOrigins Archive. We are waiting for a ruling from the IRS on tax-exempt status. Once we have that ruling, we will set up donation buttons to allow people to support the archive.
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http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/exec/view.cgi/10/8519
It is from "New Nation: Bangladesh's Independent News Source." The writing is in broken English and seems to make references to the Q'ran. It includes a realistic looking photos of a giant skeleton being excavated by two tiny figures. It bears a very recent date (4/22/04) and claims the photo was taken from a helicopter before the Saudi government restricted the area. The text of the story is below:
Giant human skeleton found in Saudi Arabia By Saalim Alvi from Riyadh Apr 22, 2004, 12:04 Recently gas exploration is going in the desert of south east region of Saudi Arabia. This desert region is called Empty Quarter, which means in Arabic "RAB - UL -KHAALEE"; this body has been found by ARAMCO exploration team. This proves what Allah SWT said in QURAN about the people of AAD nation and HOOD nation.
They were so tall, wide and very power full that they were able to pull out big trees just with the one hand. But what happen after when they become misguided and disobeys Allah SWT, Allah SWT destroyed the whole nation. ULEMA KIRAM of Saudi Arabia believes that this body belongs to AAD nation.
Saudi military took over this whole area. And nobody is allowed to go in this region except Saudi ARAMCO personnel's. Saudi government has kept it very secret but some military helicopters took pictures from air. And one of them he runs on internet here in Saudi Arabia.
Response
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There is almost certainly a problem with the phylogeny at the end of "Introduction to Evolutionary Biology" (Version 2 Copyright © 1996-1997 by Chris Colby [Last Update: January 7, 1996]) as Marcel Meime points out.
Not only is there the evidence that Marcel cites concerning phylogenetic inference of sequence data, but the inference that microsporidia are early branching eukaryotes rests on the assumptions that (1) they do not possess mitochondria; and (2) mutation rates are similiar between microsproridia and other eukaryotes. Neither of these assumptions are safe.
Williams et al (2002) use immuno-microscopic methods and more appropriate phylogenetic inference methods to demonstrate that the microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis contains an organelle of mitochondrial origin and that when the more rapid rates of mutation in the microsporidia are accounted for they should be placed in the eukaryotic crown rather than at the base.
One reason why taxa can be erroneously placed as an early branch in a tree is because they have higher mutation rates than other taxa, or they could be said to be evolving more quickly. (This is known as "long branch attraction" where the fastest evolving taxa clearly produce the most change, the most change = the longest branch, and the longest branches get grouped at the base of phylogenetic trees) These data are consitent with a group that has adapted from functioning in an aerobic environment to functioning in an anaerobic one in a relatively short period of time and have become parasitic. This also explains why mitochondrial HSP70 genes, for instance, are found in this group. The fact that the microsporidia parasitise other eukaryotes should have perhaps suggested to us earlier that they were unlikely to have been the earliest branch in the eukaryotic tree.
see Williams BAP, RP Hirt, JM Lucocq & TM Embley (2002) "A Mitochondrial Remnant in the Microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis" Nature; VOL 418; pp 865-9
Keep up the good work!
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And would also like to encourage you guys to 'take no prisoners' when rebutting rude/dishonest/disreputable critics. Afterall, we live in a society that seems to believe that an accusation that is not addressed vehemently is an accusation that 'must' be true.
Again, thanks for all the effort!
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Recently came across a website; truthorigins or something like htat. I haven't had time to read his articles, but he seems to counter many of the articles here. Do you know where I could view some rebuttal?
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In your generally great (if slightly advanced) FAQ page discussing 'progress in evolution', http://talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/teleology.html the page's author John Wilkins writes: "The current view is best summed up by a phrase of Gould's - evolution is a bush, not a tree."
Perhaps this is a slip of editing? I expect it should read "is a bush, not a LADDER", in the context of the paragraph and of Gould's general thought (in which I've read significantly). And between a bush and a tree I can't imagine significant differences pertinent to the metaphor.
thanks, Ron G
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Topologically, a bush is a tree, and there is no qualitative difference between them, but if you only represent a few twigs of the bush, it is easy to imply that evolution was progressing to some final conclusion in a group of organisms.
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On one of the pages that was a refutation as part of the index of creationist claims pertaining to radiometric dating:
http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CF/CF210.html
The response reads, "The radioactive decay rates of nucleotides..."
Rather than the word "nucleotides," I believe the author meant to use the word "nuclides." There's a significant difference between the two and the former does not apply here. It can be an easy mistake to make, but it should be changed in order to be accurate.
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Keep up the good work.
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All the evidence still points clearly to humanity originating in Africa.
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Response
What Darwinism actually is, is of course at issue. It is a term that has many different meanings, depending on the field in which it is being discussed. In, say, artificial life research, Darwinism tends to mean natural selection (in the form of what are called "genetic algorithms"). In systematics it means the reconstruction of ancestral forms and historical sequences of species. In bacteriological research it means the evolution of drug-resistant strains by selection. In organismic biology it means the evolution of new forms of life. In genetics it means the so-called "central dogma" of the inability of information about the state of the body to be reverse transcribed back into the genes, because that view was first proposed by an arch-Darwinian, August Weismann, in the 1880s. And in fact, all of these are just tendencies that vary according to where the researchers are, who you are reading, and the period in which those people lived. "Darwinism" according to Wallace in 1890 is very different to Darwinism according to Stephen Jay Gould or Richard Dawkins.
Elsewhere, in Darwin's Precursors and Influences FAQ I try to show that there are seven theoretical positions closely allied to Darwin's own that get called that. Most of the time, though, when someone does use the term in science, they tend to mean evolution by selection, yes. It is confusing because that is often not what Darwin meant.
Scientists aren't generally very good at tracing conceptual movements in history - it's not their field, after all. So they use terms to mark out Uses and Thems. Don't take it as meaning that the ideas actually refer to solid positions.
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Response
Creationists, by conflating individual layers of rock with geologic time periods and mischaracterizing uniformitarianism (as denying rapid geological processes), have created a strawman.
There is evidence of erosion between many layers of rocks and geologists call these disconformities. Any decent entry level geology textbook will tell you all about them, and even Flood geologists like Steve Austin of the ICR admits that such features exist, for example in the Grand Canyon (though he claims that the erosion between layers took place rapidly during the Flood of Noah).
For more on disconformities see:
That the geologic column is based on circular reasoning is a common creationist canard that is easily refuted once one learns a little about geology and the history of geology.
The claim usually goes something like this: the fossils are used to date and order the rock layers in the geologic column and then order of rock layers in the geologic column is used to date and order the fossils. This is usually accompanied by the claim that ultimately the order of the fossils is somehow based on the assumption of evolution.
This is nonsense, see:
- Index to Creationist Claims, claim CC310: Fossils are dated from strata; strata are dated from fossils.
- Radiometric Dating and the Geological Time Scale Circular Reasoning or Reliable Tools? by Andrew MacRae
- How Good Are Those Young-Earth Arguments? by Dave Matson
Problems with carbon dating see:
- Index to Creationist Claims, claim CD011: Carbon-14 dating gives unreliable results
- How Good Are Those Young-Earth Arguments? by Dave Matson
- The Age of the Earth by Chris Stassen Carbon dating snails see:
- Index to Creationist Claims, claim CD011.3: Living snails were carbon-14 dated at 2,300 and 27,000 years old
Radiometric dating in general
- Radiometric Dating on EvoWiki
Supernovas
- Index to Creationist Claims, claim CE401: There are too few supernova remnants for an old universe
- Supernovae, Supernova Remnants and Young Earth Creationism FAQ by Dave Moore
Finally as for flash frozen mammoths I could argue with you or point you to several things on the Archive which refute creationists claims about them, but I think I will let you argue with the atheistic evolutionists over at Answers in Genesis who say that this is one of the arguments that creationists should NOT use.
Go tell them they're morons.
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Yes, "chance" processes play a part in evolution, but only a part. For example natural selection, a primary mechanism driving evolution, is a non-chance processes.
See the following links for detailed discussions of this topic:
- Index to Creationist Claims - Claim CB940: Complex structures could not have arisen by chance.
- Chance and Necessity
- Evolution and Chance
- Misconception: “Evolution means that life changed ‘by chance.’”
- Five Major Misconceptions about Evolution
As for "purpose", as I think you mean it, this is a philosophical and/or theological concept that science does not deal with. This being the case evolutionary theory says nothing about whether or not we as a species, or as individuals, have any purpose in the philosophical sense.
It is true that some individuals may draw philosophical inferences from scientific theories (including evolution) but they are just that, philosophical inferences, and are not part of science itself.
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One thing I worry thought is that how long will this debate last? It must be very very tired seeing so many feedbacks rejecting evolution and old earth etc, while this debate will not have an end anytime soon. I can sense there'll be generations after generations of people rejecting the idea of evolution and an old earth. What kind of discovery or scientific development can help put a solid end to this debate?
Response
This is not even a theological debate. It is, in the end, a political and social movement that drives the resurgence of creationism. And while we do not like it, creationism is likely to remain a "live" belief in western and non-western society for a very long time to come, as most of the reasons people have for being of a particular kind of anti-science tradition are in no way related to scientific reasons.
But that is not the issue. Most creationism will disappear when good education is given to children. It is no accident that they seek to control the teaching of children - this is the most effective way to keep the beliefs alive. So too do other ideologies; not only the Marxist-Leninists of yore, but the present conservatives, and before them, the social democrats. So as long as we permit creationism, including intelligent design creationism, to dominate educational standards and policies, it will continue to be a problem for science and society in general.
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David James
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Responses
So, all in good cheer, I have a suggestion: You try to answer Hovind's phoney challenge using the TalkOrigins archive as your main resource. You must promise not to tell him that you are actually a creationist, or the source of your information.
Let us know when you are rich (and don't forget to tip).
Case in point, and no further offence intended, but I can't help but doubt that your confusion about micro & macroevolution (and variation) is limited only to spelling. However I won't press the issue.
As far God's plan goes ("whether you like it or not"), I told you before that some of the Talk.Origins Archive volunteers are Christians (or other sorts of theists) who already believe that there is a God and that he has a plan. As for those who are agnostics or atheists, they don't accept your premise to begin with.
Imagine how you would react to a Muslim writing you and telling you that "Allah is God and Mohammed is his one true prophet whether you like it or not." Your comments have exactly the same impact on agnostics and atheists as a Muslim's would have on you, i.e., not much.
Now back on topic.
Hovind's offer is disingenuous. We try and explain this to people on a regular basis and we even have an article explaining why we consider it such, but it doesn't seem to be getting through. Let me see if I can present a rough analogy that might make it easier for some of our (antievolutionist) readers to comprehend.
Imagine if some antitheist (not atheist, antitheist) put out a challenge to Christians to prove that Christianity is true and that if anyone can do this he will pay them a quarter of a million dollars.
As part of your evidence for the truth of Christianity he says he wants to see proof of the following:
- Reincarnation.
- That the earth rests on the back of a giant turtle.
- That the way one gets to heaven is by being a good person.
- That our ancestors are really appeased by the burning of offerings.
- That Christians are not sinners.
The conditions are that he will personally pick a panel of unidentified philosophers who will review your evidence and he will let you know if you convinced them or not.
Sound reasonable to you?
"Wait", you're no doubt saying, "those things he wants evidence for are either not part of Christianity or they are misunderstandings about Christianity", and you are right about that. But just as our fictional antitheist mixes different religions and misunderstandings of Christianity in his challenge, the non-fictional "Dr." Hovind mixes different scientific theories and misunderstands of evolutionary theory into his challenge. Why is this sort of thing a problem for the antitheist and not Hovind?
You might also have objected to the antitheist getting to hand-pick the judges who will decide whether you've met the challenge, and you'd be right to. But if you think that it is unfair for our fictional antitheist to do this then why is it OK for the non-fictional antievolutionist Hovind to do the same thing with his challenge?
(Note: these objections do not exhaust the problems with Hovind's offer.)
For more on Hovind's "Offer" see the following:
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Fantastic job, the ammount of information on the site is staggering, I had not even heard many of the arguments listed on the site but now if I ever do I know how to thouroughly debunk them. Keep up the good work.
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Response
First, "proof" in the absolute and final sense is not part of science. All conclusions in science are provisional, leaving the door open for the possibility of new data that might change our views in the future. Evidence is what one looks for in science, not proof.
Second, regarding the evidence in the Archive being referred to as "HOT AIR", that is really easy to assert but far more difficult to demonstrate.
Here's a challenge for you Mr. Borders, why don't you demonstrate, through force of argument, that something in the Archive either makes a fact claim that is incorrect, or has a logical argument that does not follow.
Be specific, provide references, and post it on the on the talk.origins newsgroup .
Thirdly, in response to our supposed ignorance, some of the people who have contributed to the Archive are "experts in fields pertaining to evolution". And while scientists rethink their views all the time (because of more and better information), the consensus hasn't changed regarding the fact of evolution for about one hundred and forty years.
Have ideas about the relative importance of various mechanisms, rates, and other details changed, yes. Has confidence that evolution has occurred diminished, no. Quite the contrary, it has only increased with the addition of more and better information.
That evolution is a theory in crisis, is being questioned by more and more scientists, and on the verge of collapse is an antievolutionist fantasy that has been ongoing practically since the day after Darwin published the Origin of Species.
See: The Imminent Demise of Evolution: The Longest Running Falsehood in Creationism by Glen Morton
Oh yeah, for the zillionth time Hovind's offer is bunk. The fix is in. No one, no matter what evidence they presented to Hovind could possibly win. He has set up a strawman caricature of evolutionary theory that he want people to "prove" and he gets to hand-pick who will decide if they've done it or not.
See (and actually read):
Let me ask you Mr. Borders would you blindly trust, say, Richard Dawkins, who has stated that:
You cannot be both sane and well educated and disbelieve in evolution. The evidence is so strong that any sane, educated person has got to believe in evolution. - Dawkins
to pick a jury to judge the scientific merit of creationism?
No? Then why should we have any confidence that Hovind who frequently makes (inaccurate) statements like this:
Evolution is positively anti-science. Science deals with things that are testable, observable, and demonstrable and evolution has none of those qualities. To call evolution "science" Is to confuse fairy tales with facts. - Hovind
would pick a fair jury to judge whatever we might present to him?
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On the other hand, we have theories of heat transfer applied to the Earth system. We say it is cold in the winter because the Northern Hemisphere does not receive as much solar radiation as it does in the summer, so the temperature falls. We also have the theory of the Sun centered Solar System, in which the Earth rotates around the Sun, maintaining a constant angle of inclination relative to the stars. This theory assures us that given the passage of time, the Northern Hemisphere will receive enough solar radiation to warm us to summer temperatures.
My question is: “Why do anti-evolutionists want to demean the glorious Theory of Evolution by attempting to compare it with a mere fact?” The Theory of Evolution is much more than a fact, and I am surprised more people don’t recognize it.
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Dr. Jay L. Wile, a Ph.D. graduate in nuclear chemistry from the University of Rochester, has offered to debate anyone over the accuracy of radiometric dating (including radiocarbon dating). Dr. Wile argues that RADIOMETRIC DATING IS UNRELIABLE, and that the earth is considerably younger than billions of years old.
NO SCIENTIST HAS YET ACCEPTED THE OFFER TO DEBATE DR. WILE.
Professors and scientists from Cornell University, Syracuse University, University at Buffalo, Monroe Community College, Buffalo State College, Binghampton University, University of Rochester, Rochester Institute of Technology, and Ithaca College were invited to debate Dr. Wile, but no one has accepted.
If anyone knows of any Ph.D. scientist who would be willing to debate Dr. Wile, please email me.
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Q.1a. i believe that extinctions have happened in the history of the earth and that all the dinosaurs were probably dead when the ark was used. but again the bible has never been proven incorrect.
Q.1b. honestly i dont think that you can do both. many people think of Christianity as a religion but in actuallity it is a lifestyle. if you are living as a Christian lifestyle and tell people that you believe in evolution then you are not a true Christian. true Christians understand and believe that God CREATED the earth. therefore you cannot be a strong Christian and believe in evolution.
Q1c. and Q1d. i'm 16 and to tell you the truth i think that there are a lot more old creationists and evotulionists because thats the way they were raised and were told and thought. i think that a lot of young people believe in the THEORY of evolution because the teaching of God and CREATION have been thrown out of schools in the U.S.
Q1e. i dont think that science will hurt creationism because the sciences that are being found are continually providing evidence that the bible is true.
i promise to continue writing and answering these fabnaq.
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This was naturally frustrating. I had learned of Mayr's 'What Evolution Is' at an evolution vs. creation forum, where it was cited as an undergraduate text on evolution by one of the forum's purported biologists. In my youthful naivete, I thought I could rely upon Mayr and that biologist for sound reference.
This one error, of including a universally discredited drawing, damaged my presentation and damages the integrity of Mayr's 'What Evolution Is'. It's hard enough to be a high school student advocating evolution among somewhat fundamentally Christian friends, all in the setting of a church. It's almost futile to persuade Christians (who, let's face it, practically all reject naturalistic evolution) with arguments that even peripherally include falsified evidences like Haeckel's drawings.
I do not understand why Haeckel's drawings enjoy the posterity rightfully denied to other falsified articles of evidence. While paleontological shams like Nebraska Man are swiftly expunged from the scientific canon upon their falsification, Haeckel's drawings remain popular. In addition to my obervation in 'What Evolution Is', I clearly recall my sophomore-year biology teacher saying "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," and have heard anecdotes from other high school students about how Haeckel's drawings are included in their curriculum.
If such things have been discarded by academia, why do they still exist in secondary, and, apparently, post-secondary curriculum? Science publishers and educators alike should stop using false arguments to buttress evolution. Doing so gives Jonathan Wells and company an invitation to attack that much larger a target.
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While Mayr's hardcover edition in 2001 does not note the specific problems of Haeckel's early figures, his 2002 paperback edition does indicate that there is a problem, though Mayr mistakes another known problem in Haeckel's illustrations for the one that applies to this specific figure. The caption under the Haeckel figure (Fig. 2.8 on page 28) states that Haeckel had fraudulently used dog embryos in place of human embryos. Mayr discusses Haeckel's dictum of "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" and points out that embryos do not pass through the adult stages of ancestral forms, but that certain structures are retained in development as being necessary to embryonic organization. This passage from Mayr informs the reader that modern embryological understanding of the causes of early embryological similarities in vertebrates differs significantly from both Von Baer and Haeckel.
When one picks up a book that gives a historical treatment of a field, one must expect that ideas that have been shown false will, quite appropriately, be mentioned and discussed. This usually results in the reader becoming better informed not only about the current thinking in a field, but also having an understanding of the process of science and its demonstration of the falseness of certain concepts.
While Strobel's book apparently passes on the information that Haeckel fudged his early figures, it apparently is less forthcoming about the broad result that holds whether Haeckel was inaccurate at the outset or not. Nor did Strobel do the work that demonstrated that there were problems in Haeckel's early figures. Strobel and other antievolutionists rely upon the evolutionists to figure out technical stuff like that. All the antievolutionists seem to be good for in this regard is to shrilly repeat their selective take on the critique made by real biologists. In doing so, the big picture can be easily overlooked by those who rely on antievolutionists as a source of information. Antievolutionists are, in this view, like malicious gossips who do nothing of worth on their own, but rather cast what information they hear in the most damaging possible terms. Their aim is not to inform, but to proselytize.
Haeckel's figure of 1870 showing the similarity of the development of human embryos to three comparable stages in 7 other kinds of vertebrates. Haeckel had fraudulently substituted dog embryos for the human ones, but they were so similar to humans that these (if available) would have made the same point.
The first problem with Mayr's statement is that Haeckel's comparative illustration of seven different types of vertebrates first appeared in his book Anthropogeny which was not published until 1874.
It appears as if Mayr confused attacks against the comparative embryo illustrations in Haeckel's Anthropogeny (or The Evolution of Man) with those made against a different set of comparative illustrations in his earlier (1868) book Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (or The History of Creation).
In The History of Creation Haeckel included two plates (II & III) which compares tortoise, chicken, dog, and human embryos at two different points of development (4 and 6 weeks).
Many of Haeckel's numerous critics attacked these illustrations as being misleadingly inaccurate, and accused him of inappropriately altering them when he had copied them from illustrations done by other researchers.
For example one of Haeckel's archenemies, Wilhelm His, Sr. (the founder of experimental embryology), claimed that Haeckel had ( among other things) added several millimeters to the head of the dog embryo and reduced the head of the human embryo to a similar extent when compared to the supposed original illustrations. Haeckel did this in order to, it has been argued, to make them more alike than they really are and thereby manufacture false evidence for evolution in general and Haeckel's theories (recapitulation) in particular.
The fact that the sources of these criticisms were avowed enemies of Haeckel should have been seen as a warning to not accept them without question. However they were accepted, eagerly, by creationists (who use them to this day) as well as by contemporary experimental embryologists who wished to demonize the work of their more morphologically minded colleagues who Haeckel epitomized.
Thus because of a rare confluence of agendas between creationists and part of the scientific community (experimental embryologists), these accusations have been passed down uncritically (often mixed up together), and become part of the general milieu.
It has become part of the "common knowledge" that Haeckel was unrepentant and frequent forger and because of this common knowledge few bother to investigate the details of the accusations and whether any particular accusation against him is true, and if they are true, to what extent.
This is how we end up with Ernst Mayr "knowing" that Haeckel did something wrong but not really knowing precisely what it was.
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Augustine, The Literal Meaning of Genesis. Book 1, Ch. 19. tr. J. H. Taylor, S.J., Newman Press, NY (1982) Quoted by permission.
It's a pretty famous quote and can no doubt be found in a number of secondary sources, for a discussion of this quote and Augustine's views see:
- The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine's View of Creation by Davis Young
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Darren also mistakes disagreement in science for a crisis. Disagreement is what makes science interesting. It's the sign of a vibrant, growing field. But it's amusing that Darren speaks of some vast conspiracy of white-coated evolutionists bent no doubt on collecting ever higher admission fees from museums- and then does a turnabout and complains scientists cannot agree on anything. Which is it?
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The place for you to start is the "Frequently Asked Questions: and their answers" page. Just scroll down a bit to the question about fossils.
Enjoy, and thanks again for the reference.
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"I can read evolutionary theories (or facts as you like to call them) till my eyes cross and it will never convince me of it."
Such a statement is emblematic of a closed mind and also tends to bring Christianity itself into ridicule as St. Augustine observed:
"Usually, even a non-Christian knows something about the earth, the heavens, and the other elements of this world....Now, it is a disgraceful and dangerous thing for an infidel to hear a Christian, presumably giving the meaning of Holy Scripture, talking nonsense on these topics; and we should take all means to prevent such an embarrassing situation, in which people show up vast ignorance in a Christian and laugh it to scorn."
If one is going to discuss science, whether to defend or disprove, it is incumbent on that individual to at least try to both understand the concepts being discussed, and obtain accurate information from a multiplicity of sources (rather than from one narrow one).
Retreat into arguments from incredulity or refusal to engage in discussing the intrinsic science of the topic is only injurious ones personal credulilty and ultimately, their cause.
Finally, as a Christian myself I find it dissapointing that self-styled Christians like Mark Borders slip into base derision. This is neither a Christian act nor a sound replacement for cogent, logical argument & knowledge of a subject.
My hat is off to those of you from Talk.Origins who exhibit such patience & civility in the face of continuous disparagement and condescension.
Your efforts are greatly appreciated and your combbined knowledge much admired.