Flood geology

@book{doi105962bhltitle131022,
    author = "Parkinson, James",
    title = "Organic remains of a former world: an examination of the mineralized remains of the vegetables and animals of the Antediluvian world; generally termed extraneous fossils /",
    year = "1833",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.131022",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.131022",
    openalex = "W1564086512"
}

Recent and fossil Pentacrinites. 53.Briarean Pentacrinite from the Lias, (Double Plate.)54.Recent Corals with their Polypes. 55.On the left extremity of the Section (a. 1. a. 2. a. 3.) the Granite is elevated into one of those lofty Alpine ridges, which have affected, by their upward movement, the entire series of stratified Rocks. Corresponding formations of Primary and Transition* Cases of Granite, thus elevated at a period posterior to the deposition of Tertiary Strata, occur in the Eastern Alps, where the Transition, Secondary, and Tertiary strata have all partaken of the same elevation which raised the central axis of the crystalline Gra- nitic rocks.See Geol.Trans.N. S. Vol.III.PI. 36.Fig. 1. t In the Granite at the right extremity of the Section, the gra- nitic veins are omitted, because their insertion would interfere with EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 6 A. 10. represents a dyke and protruded mass of Granite, intersecting and overlying stratified rocks of the Primary and Transition series.A. 11. represents the rare case of Granite intersecting Red Sandstone, Oolite, and Chalk.*Sienite, Porphyry ^Serpentine, Greenstone.

@book{doi105962bhltitle25353,
    author = "Buckland, William Warwick",
    title = "Geology and mineralogy considered with reference to natural theology",
    year = "1837",
    abstract = "Recent and fossil Pentacrinites. 53.Briarean Pentacrinite from the Lias, (Double Plate.)54.Recent Corals with their Polypes. 55.On the left extremity of the Section (a. 1. a. 2. a. 3.) the Granite is elevated into one of those lofty Alpine ridges, which have affected, by their upward movement, the entire series of stratified Rocks. Corresponding formations of Primary and Transition* Cases of Granite, thus elevated at a period posterior to the deposition of Tertiary Strata, occur in the Eastern Alps, where the Transition, Secondary, and Tertiary strata have all partaken of the same elevation which raised the central axis of the crystalline Gra- nitic rocks.See Geol.Trans.N. S. Vol.III.PI. 36.Fig. 1. t In the Granite at the right extremity of the Section, the gra- nitic veins are omitted, because their insertion would interfere with EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 6 A. 10. represents a dyke and protruded mass of Granite, intersecting and overlying stratified rocks of the Primary and Transition series.A. 11. represents the rare case of Granite intersecting Red Sandstone, Oolite, and Chalk.*Sienite, Porphyry ^Serpentine, Greenstone.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.25353",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.25353",
    openalex = "W4291288332"
}

@misc{price1935the12,
    author = "Price, G. McC",
    title = "The Modern Flood Theory of Geology",
    year = "1935",
    howpublished = "New York, Fleming H. Revell Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1935, The Modern Flood Theory of Geology: New York, Fleming H. Revell Co.}"
}

@techreport{allen1942the1,
    author = "Allen, B. F",
    title = "The geologic age of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1942",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the Deluge Society and Related Sciences, v. 2, no. 2, p. 37-62",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Allen, B. F., 1942, The geologic age of the Mississippi River: Bulletin of the Deluge Society and Related Sciences, v. 2, no. 2, p. 37-62.}"
}

@article{kulp1950flood7,
    author = "Kulp, J. L",
    title = "Flood Geology",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 2, p. 1-15",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kulp, J. L., 1950, Flood Geology: Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 2, p. 1-15.}"
}

@misc{whitcomb1961the18,
    author = "Whitcomb, J. C. and Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Genesis Flood",
    year = "1961",
    howpublished = "The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications: Philadelphia, PA., Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 518 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitcomb, J. C., and Morris, H. M., 1961, The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications: Philadelphia, PA., Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 518 p.}"
}

@misc{whitcomb1964preface19,
    author = "Whitcomb, J. C. and Morris, H. M",
    title = "Preface to the Sixth Printing, in Whitcomb, J. C., and Morris, H. M., eds., The Genesis Flood",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications [6th ed.]: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House, p. xxv- xxix",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitcomb, J. C., and Morris, H. M., 1964, Preface to the Sixth Printing, in Whitcomb, J. C., and Morris, H. M., eds., The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications [6th ed.]: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House, p. xxv- xxix.}"
}

@misc{clark1968fossils4,
    author = "Clark, H. W",
    title = "Fossils, Flood and Fire",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Escondido, California, Outdoor Picture",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Clark, H. W., 1968, Fossils, Flood and Fire: Escondido, California, Outdoor Picture.}"
}

@misc{allen1972the2,
    author = "Allen, B. F",
    title = "The geologic age of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 9, p. 96-114",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Allen, B. F., 1972, The geologic age of the Mississippi River: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 9, p. 96-114.}"
}

@techreport{mckee1972pliocene9,
    author = "McKee, E. D. and McKee, E. H",
    title = "Pliocene uplift of the Grand Canyon region--time of drainage adjustment",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 1923-1932",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McKee, E. D., and McKee, E. H., 1972, Pliocene uplift of the Grand Canyon region--time of drainage adjustment: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 1923-1932.}"
}

@misc{young1977creation20,
    author = "Young, D. A",
    title = "Creation and the Flood",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Mi., Baker Book House, 217 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Young, D. A., 1977, Creation and the Flood: Grand Rapids, Mi., Baker Book House, 217 p.}"
}

The view that religious orthodoxy stifled geological progress has had many distinguished exponents, one of the earliest being Georges Cuvier. To Cuvier, however, efforts to combine Genesis with geology ended before the middle of the eighteenth century, and opened the way not for progress but for wild speculation. We may admire the genius of Leibniz and Buffon, he declared, but this should not lead us to confuse system-building with geology as ‘une science positive’. While Cuvier's younger contemporary, Charles Lyell, agreed that ‘extravagant systems’ had retarded progress, he insisted that ‘scriptural authority’ had had a similar effect until late in the eighteenth century.

@article{doi101017s0007087400015910,
    author = "Rappaport, R.",
    title = "Geology and Orthodoxy: The Case of Noah's Flood in Eighteenth-Century Thought",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "The British Journal for the History of Science",
    abstract = "The view that religious orthodoxy stifled geological progress has had many distinguished exponents, one of the earliest being Georges Cuvier. To Cuvier, however, efforts to combine Genesis with geology ended before the middle of the eighteenth century, and opened the way not for progress but for wild speculation. We may admire the genius of Leibniz and Buffon, he declared, but this should not lead us to confuse system-building with geology as ‘une science positive’. While Cuvier's younger contemporary, Charles Lyell, agreed that ‘extravagant systems’ had retarded progress, he insisted that ‘scriptural authority’ had had a similar effect until late in the eighteenth century.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d9b9d9e29bfd13c1366f97f7d21cf2a5012c2276",
    doi = "10.1017/S0007087400015910",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "1-18",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "23",
    semanticscholar_id = "d9b9d9e29bfd13c1366f97f7d21cf2a5012c2276",
    volume = "11"
}

@misc{austin1980origin3,
    author = "Austin, S. A",
    title = "Origin of limestone caverns",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 79, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Austin, S. A., 1980, Origin of limestone caverns: ICR Impact Series, no. 79, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{weber1980the17,
    author = "Weber, C. G",
    title = "The fatal flaws of flood geology",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Creation/Evolution, v. 1, p. 24-37",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Weber, C. G., 1980, The fatal flaws of flood geology: Creation/Evolution, v. 1, p. 24-37.}"
}

@article{doi101007bf02860537,
    author = "Müller, Jan‐Peter",
    title = "Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "The Botanical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02860537",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02860537",
    openalex = "W2024827286",
    references = "doi101007bf02860067, doi101007bf02860849, doi1010160012825272900384, doi1010160034666768900511, doi1010800072139519739989729, doi1010800072139519759989755, doi1011639789004631038, doi102134agronj195300021962004500040018x, doi1023071220386, doi1023071484763, doi1023072258301, doi1023072395198, doi1023072418725, romero1976a"
}

@misc{schadewald1982six13,
    author = "Schadewald, R. J",
    title = "Six 'Flood' Arguments Creationists Can't Answer",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Creation/Evolution, v. 3, p. 12-17",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Schadewald, R. J., 1982, Six 'Flood' Arguments Creationists Can't Answer: Creation/Evolution, v. 3, p. 12-17.}"
}

@misc{cooper1983human5,
    author = "Cooper, B",
    title = "Human fossils from Noah's Flood",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 3, no. 3 (International), p. 6-9",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cooper, B., 1983, Human fossils from Noah's Flood: Ex Nihilo, v. 3, no. 3 (International), p. 6-9.}"
}

@misc{dillow1983the6,
    author = "Dillow, J. C",
    title = "The vertical temperature structure of the pre-flood vapor canopy",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 20, p. 7-14",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dillow, J. C., 1983, The vertical temperature structure of the pre-flood vapor canopy: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 20, p. 7-14.}"
}

@article{soroka1983physical16,
    author = "Soroka, L. G. and Nelson, C. L",
    title = "Physical constraints on the Noachian Deluge",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Journal of Geological Education, v. 31, p. 135-139",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Soroka, L. G., and Nelson, C. L., 1983, Physical constraints on the Noachian Deluge: Journal of Geological Education, v. 31, p. 135-139.}"
}

@article{snelling1984coal15,
    author = "Snelling, A. and Mackay, J",
    title = "Coal volcanism and Noah's Flood",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 11-29",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Snelling, A., and Mackay, J., 1984, Coal volcanism and Noah's Flood: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 11-29.}"
}

@article{snelling1984the14,
    author = "Snelling, A",
    title = "The recent, rapid formation of the Mount Isa orebodies during Noah's Flood",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 40-46; International Edition, Vol. 2, No. 3",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Snelling, A., 1984, The recent, rapid formation of the Mount Isa orebodies during Noah's Flood: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 40-46; International Edition, Vol. 2, No. 3.}"
}

@incollection{doi101016b978012249408650011x,
    author = "Olson, Storrs L.",
    title = "THE FOSSIL RECORD OF BIRDS",
    year = "1985",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-249408-6.50011-x",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-249408-6.50011-x",
    openalex = "W47485082",
    references = "crossref1994evolution, doi101002jmor1050880104, doi101038292051a0, doi10108002724634198110011900, doi101093auk1002390, doi101093auk984681, doi101111j1474919x1974tb07648x, doi101146annureves12110181001211, doi1023074080603, doi105281zenodo16026198, doi1058782flmnhjhup8438, doi105962p208144, openalexw1523686958"
}

@article{monroe1987creationism11,
    author = "Monroe, J. S",
    title = "Creationism, human footprints, and flood geology",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Journal of Geological Education, v. 35, p. 93-103",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Monroe, J. S., 1987, Creationism, human footprints, and flood geology: Journal of Geological Education, v. 35, p. 93-103.}"
}

@misc{crossref1988noah,
    title = "Noah and the Flood (Genesis 6:5–8:22)",
    year = "1988",
    booktitle = "From Eden to Babel",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5040/bci-009a.0011",
    doi = "10.5040/bci-009a.0011",
    openalex = "W4391255794",
    pages = "87-101"
}

@misc{macdonald1988the8,
    author = "MacDonald, D",
    title = "The Flood",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Mesopotamiam Archaeological Evidence: Creation/ Evolution, v. 23, p. 14-20",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {MacDonald, D., 1988, The Flood: Mesopotamiam Archaeological Evidence: Creation/ Evolution, v. 23, p. 14-20.}"
}

@misc{mcqueen1988days10,
    author = "McQueen, D. R",
    title = "Days Of Noah",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Days of Praise, v. June-July-August, no. 24 July",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McQueen, D. R., 1988, Days Of Noah: Days of Praise, v. June-July-August, no. 24 July.}"
}

@article{doi1011300091761319910191201fvfitc23co2,
    author = "Brand, Leonard R. and Tang, Thu",
    title = "Fossil vertebrate footprints in the Coconino Sandstone (Permian) of northern Arizona: Evidence for underwater origin",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1201:fvfitc>2.3.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1201:fvfitc>2.3.co;2",
    openalex = "W1986564167"
}

Introduction. Basal Groups. Monera (bacteria blue-green algae). Fungi.Algae. Animals: Invertebrates. Protozoa. Porifera. Coelenterata. Mollusca: Amphineura and Monoplacophora. Mollusca: Gastropoda. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Nautiloidea). Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Pre-Jurassic Ammonoidea). Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Ammonoidea: Phylloceratina, Lytoceratina, Ammonitina, Ancyloceratina). Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda, and Bivalvia. Mollusca: incertae sedis. Annelida. Arthropoda (Trilobita). Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Chelicerata, Pycnogonida). Arthropoda (Crustacea, excluding Ostracoda). Arthropoda (Crustacea: Ostracoda). Arthropoda (Euthycarcinoidea and Myriapoda). Arthropoda (Hexapoda: Insecta). Brachiopoda. Phoronida. Bryozoa. Echinodermata. Basal deuterostomes (chaetognaths, hemichordates, calcichordates, cephalochordates, and tunicates). Graptolithina. Problematica. Miscellania. Animals: Vertebrates. Conodonta. Agnatha. Placodermi. Acanthodii. Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes: basal actinopterygians. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. Osteichthyes: Sarcopterygii. Amphibian-grade Tetrapoda. Reptilia. Aves. Mammalia. Plants. Bryophyta. Pteridophyta. Gymnospermophyta. Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae). Index.

@book{openalexw1599677799,
    author = "Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "The fossil record 2",
    year = "1993",
    abstract = "Introduction. Basal Groups. Monera (bacteria blue-green algae). Fungi.Algae. Animals: Invertebrates. Protozoa. Porifera. Coelenterata. Mollusca: Amphineura and Monoplacophora. Mollusca: Gastropoda. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Nautiloidea). Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Pre-Jurassic Ammonoidea). Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Ammonoidea: Phylloceratina, Lytoceratina, Ammonitina, Ancyloceratina). Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda, and Bivalvia. Mollusca: incertae sedis. Annelida. Arthropoda (Trilobita). Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Chelicerata, Pycnogonida). Arthropoda (Crustacea, excluding Ostracoda). Arthropoda (Crustacea: Ostracoda). Arthropoda (Euthycarcinoidea and Myriapoda). Arthropoda (Hexapoda: Insecta). Brachiopoda. Phoronida. Bryozoa. Echinodermata. Basal deuterostomes (chaetognaths, hemichordates, calcichordates, cephalochordates, and tunicates). Graptolithina. Problematica. Miscellania. Animals: Vertebrates. Conodonta. Agnatha. Placodermi. Acanthodii. Chondrichthyes. Osteichthyes: basal actinopterygians. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. Osteichthyes: Sarcopterygii. Amphibian-grade Tetrapoda. Reptilia. Aves. Mammalia. Plants. Bryophyta. Pteridophyta. Gymnospermophyta. Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae). Index.",
    openalex = "W1599677799"
}

@article{doi102113gsrocky30133,
    author = "Grande, Lance and Buchheim, H. Paul",
    title = "Paleontological and sedimentological variation in early Eocene Fossil Lake",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Rocky Mountain geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/gsrocky.30.1.33",
    doi = "10.2113/gsrocky.30.1.33",
    openalex = "W2441811850"
}

The singular events which occurred at the initiation of the Flood should have produced a geologic signature with at least five characteristics: (a) a mechanical-erosional discontinuity (ED) identified by regional structural analysis—probably the most significant unconformity in any given area; (b) a time or age discontinuity (AD) identified by coarse sediments above the erosional unconformity containing lithified fragments of various sedimentary units found below the unconfomrity; (c) a tectonic discontinuity (TD), found at the erosional unconformity, distinguished by substantial regional tectonic disruption, especially at pre-Flood continental margins; (d) a sedimentary discontinuity (SD) consisting of a thick, fining-upward, clastic-to-chemical strata megasequence of regional to inter-regional extent defined at its based by a significant onlap unconformity; (e) a paleontological discontinuity (PD) marked by an increase in abundance of fossils and the first appearance of abundant plant, animal, and/or fungal fossils. In Grand Canyon of Arizona one of the most significant regional unconformities (ED) is found at or near the top of the Chuar Group. Associated with the unconformity is the Sixtymile Formation—a tectonicsedimentary unit dominated by breccia with large clasts (TD) from the formations below it (AD). The Sixtymile Formation occurs at the bottom of a thick, regionally extensive series of strata called the Sauk Sequence,

@article{openalexw2158177869,
    author = "Austin, Steven A. and Wise, Kurt",
    title = "The pre-Flood/Flood Boundary: As Defined in Grand Canyon, Arizona and eastern Mojave Desert, California",
    year = "1994",
    abstract = "The singular events which occurred at the initiation of the Flood should have produced a geologic signature with at least five characteristics: (a) a mechanical-erosional discontinuity (ED) identified by regional structural analysis—probably the most significant unconformity in any given area; (b) a time or age discontinuity (AD) identified by coarse sediments above the erosional unconformity containing lithified fragments of various sedimentary units found below the unconfomrity; (c) a tectonic discontinuity (TD), found at the erosional unconformity, distinguished by substantial regional tectonic disruption, especially at pre-Flood continental margins; (d) a sedimentary discontinuity (SD) consisting of a thick, fining-upward, clastic-to-chemical strata megasequence of regional to inter-regional extent defined at its based by a significant onlap unconformity; (e) a paleontological discontinuity (PD) marked by an increase in abundance of fossils and the first appearance of abundant plant, animal, and/or fungal fossils. In Grand Canyon of Arizona one of the most significant regional unconformities (ED) is found at or near the top of the Chuar Group. Associated with the unconformity is the Sixtymile Formation—a tectonicsedimentary unit dominated by breccia with large clasts (TD) from the formations below it (AD). The Sixtymile Formation occurs at the bottom of a thick, regionally extensive series of strata called the Sauk Sequence,",
    openalex = "W2158177869",
    references = "openalexw3093356675"
}

In 1859 Antonio Snider proposed that rapid, horizontal divergence of crustal plates occurred during Noah’s Flood. Modern plate tectonics theory is now conflated with assumptions of uniformity of rate and ideas of continental “drift. ” Catastrophic plate tectonics theories, such as Snider proposed more than a century ago, appear capable of explaining a wide variety of data—including biblical and geologic data which the slow tectonics theories are incapable of explaining. We would like to propose a catastrophic plate tectonics theory as a framework for Earth history. Geophysically, we begin with a pre-Flood earth differentiated into core, mantle, and crust, with the crust horizontally differentiated into sialic craton and mafic ocean floor. The Flood was initiated as slabs of oceanic floor broke loose and subducted along thousands of kilometers of pre-Flood continental margins. Deformation of the mantle by these slabs raised the temperature and lowered the viscosity of the mantle in the vicinity of the slabs. A resulting thermal runaway of the slabs through the mantle led to meters-per-second mantle convection. Cool oceanic crust which descended to the core/mantle boundary induced rapid reversals of the earth’s magnetic field. Large plumes originating near the core/mantle boundary expressed themselves at the surface as fissure eruptions and flood basalts. Flow

@article{openalexw3093356675,
    author = "Austin, Steven A. and Baumgardner, John R. and Humphreys, D. Russell and Snelling, Andrew A. and Vardiman, Larry and Wise, Kurt",
    title = "Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: A Global Flood Model of Earth History",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "In 1859 Antonio Snider proposed that rapid, horizontal divergence of crustal plates occurred during Noah’s Flood. Modern plate tectonics theory is now conflated with assumptions of uniformity of rate and ideas of continental “drift. ” Catastrophic plate tectonics theories, such as Snider proposed more than a century ago, appear capable of explaining a wide variety of data—including biblical and geologic data which the slow tectonics theories are incapable of explaining. We would like to propose a catastrophic plate tectonics theory as a framework for Earth history. Geophysically, we begin with a pre-Flood earth differentiated into core, mantle, and crust, with the crust horizontally differentiated into sialic craton and mafic ocean floor. The Flood was initiated as slabs of oceanic floor broke loose and subducted along thousands of kilometers of pre-Flood continental margins. Deformation of the mantle by these slabs raised the temperature and lowered the viscosity of the mantle in the vicinity of the slabs. A resulting thermal runaway of the slabs through the mantle led to meters-per-second mantle convection. Cool oceanic crust which descended to the core/mantle boundary induced rapid reversals of the earth’s magnetic field. Large plumes originating near the core/mantle boundary expressed themselves at the surface as fissure eruptions and flood basalts. Flow",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W3093356675",
    openalex = "W3093356675",
    references = "doi1010160025322771900533, doi101029jb089ib07p05929, doi101029rg018i001p00269, doi101038274544a0, doi101038310641a0, doi101111j155856461973tb05912x, doi101126science256505380, doi1013060bda5c3616bd11d78645000102c1865d, doi102973dsdpproc291171975, openalexw2015313236"
}

For dinosaur lovers and tourists alike, this guide explores the palaeontological treasure trove of the western United States. Concentrating on the rich fossil life of the Colorado Plateau region - including parts of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico - it gives readers the story behind a track record which extends some 300 million years back in time. Readers learn about America's prehistory as they explore a region with one of the best track records of land animals found anywhere in the world. An appendix lists museums and other major repositories of tracks and replicas, and gives details on tracksites open to the public. Lockley leads his readers to the footprints themselves, and shows fossil explorers how these traces can help to interpret the behaviour of dinosaurs.

@article{doi105860choice332752,
    author = "Lockley, Martin G. and Hunt, Adrian P.",
    title = "Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprints of the western United States",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "For dinosaur lovers and tourists alike, this guide explores the palaeontological treasure trove of the western United States. Concentrating on the rich fossil life of the Colorado Plateau region - including parts of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico - it gives readers the story behind a track record which extends some 300 million years back in time. Readers learn about America's prehistory as they explore a region with one of the best track records of land animals found anywhere in the world. An appendix lists museums and other major repositories of tracks and replicas, and gives details on tracksites open to the public. Lockley leads his readers to the footprints themselves, and shows fossil explorers how these traces can help to interpret the behaviour of dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-2752",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.33-2752",
    openalex = "W1570663375",
    references = "doi1011300091761319910191201fvfitc23co2, openalexw3093435588, openalexw603337959"
}

The Flood/post-Flood boundary in the geologic column can be determined by investigating geophysical evidence in light of Scripture’s record of the Flood. The following evidences are investigated: (1) global sediment and post-Flood erosion, (2) volcanism and climatic impact, (3) changes in the global sea level, (4) formation of the mountains of Ararat, and (5) the formation of fossil fuels. The evidences suggest that the Flood/post-Flood boundary is very late in the Cainozoic and most likely in the Pleistocene.

@article{openalexw2150500832,
    author = "Holt, Roy D.",
    title = "Evidence for a late Cainozoic Flood/postFlood boundary",
    year = "1996",
    abstract = "The Flood/post-Flood boundary in the geologic column can be determined by investigating geophysical evidence in light of Scripture’s record of the Flood. The following evidences are investigated: (1) global sediment and post-Flood erosion, (2) volcanism and climatic impact, (3) changes in the global sea level, (4) formation of the mountains of Ararat, and (5) the formation of fossil fuels. The evidences suggest that the Flood/post-Flood boundary is very late in the Cainozoic and most likely in the Pleistocene.",
    openalex = "W2150500832",
    references = "openalexw3093356675"
}

The beginning of the Flood should be dated in the geological column no later than the Middle Riphean (Upper Precambrian), when the single landmass ('Rodinia') rifted apart and soon became engulfed by water. The end of the Flood should be located around the end of the Lower Carboniferous. With these two boundaries established it becomes possible to account for the pattern of the fossil record system by system, even down to 'epoch ' level. By contrast, interpretations which locate the end of the Flood after the Cretaceous appear to conflict with the fossil record.

@article{openalexw2156210374,
    author = "Robinson, Steven J.",
    title = "Can Flood Geology Explain the Fossil Record",
    year = "1996",
    abstract = "The beginning of the Flood should be dated in the geological column no later than the Middle Riphean (Upper Precambrian), when the single landmass ('Rodinia') rifted apart and soon became engulfed by water. The end of the Flood should be located around the end of the Lower Carboniferous. With these two boundaries established it becomes possible to account for the pattern of the fossil record system by system, even down to 'epoch ' level. By contrast, interpretations which locate the end of the Flood after the Cretaceous appear to conflict with the fossil record.",
    openalex = "W2156210374",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101038278317a0, doi101038374027a0, doi101038378774a0, doi101126science2605108640, doi101126science267519477, doi101126science7701342, doi1011300016760619637493sitcio20co2, doi1023073243920, doi105860choice332752, morris1986the"
}

Continental flood basalts are remarkably widespread lavas that testify to catastrophic volcanism in the geologic past on a scale far exceeding anything taking place at the present day. Hundreds of cubic kilometres of basalt were erupted in just days or weeks. In many cases, evidences for prolonged periods between individual eruptive events (for example, erosion profiles, soil formation) are lacking. These data are consistent with a short timescale for the geological column. Continental flood basalts appear to have been erupted in a subaerial environment, as indicated by the tectonic environment of continental flood basalt provinces and by the characteristics of continental flood basalt lava flows. Such lava flows could not therefore have accumulated while the continents were under water. Major continental flood basalt provinces occur in the Proterozoic, the?Early Cambrian, the Late Permian-Early Jurassic, the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the Late Cretaceous-Late Eocene, the Palaeocene-Eocene, the Eocene-Miocene, the Eocene/Miocene/ Middle Pleistocene, and the Miocene. The virtual absence of continental flood basalts from the Palaeozoic is puzzling for uniformitarian geologists. Continental flood basalts are thought to originate when a continental rift system coincides with a mantle plume. If this is the case, why did no continental flood basalts form throughout the Palaeozoic? It is suggested that continental flood basalts could not form in the Palaeozoic because they require subaerial conditions and the continents were flooded at that time. However, continental flood basalts in the Mesozoic and Cainozoic are problematic for traditional creationist models which consider these rocks also to have formed during the Flood. The reappearance of continental flood basalts in the Mesozoic and Cainozoic indicates that the continents were above water and forming dry land at this time. The Mesozoic and Cainozoic must therefore be post-Flood in age, and the FloodlpostFlood boundary must occur much earlier in the geological record than most creationists have assumed.

@article{openalexw2181560458,
    author = "Garner, Paul A.",
    title = "Continental Flood Basalts Indicate a pre-Mesozoic Flood/ post-Flood Boundary",
    year = "1996",
    abstract = "Continental flood basalts are remarkably widespread lavas that testify to catastrophic volcanism in the geologic past on a scale far exceeding anything taking place at the present day. Hundreds of cubic kilometres of basalt were erupted in just days or weeks. In many cases, evidences for prolonged periods between individual eruptive events (for example, erosion profiles, soil formation) are lacking. These data are consistent with a short timescale for the geological column. Continental flood basalts appear to have been erupted in a subaerial environment, as indicated by the tectonic environment of continental flood basalt provinces and by the characteristics of continental flood basalt lava flows. Such lava flows could not therefore have accumulated while the continents were under water. Major continental flood basalt provinces occur in the Proterozoic, the?Early Cambrian, the Late Permian-Early Jurassic, the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, the Late Cretaceous-Late Eocene, the Palaeocene-Eocene, the Eocene-Miocene, the Eocene/Miocene/ Middle Pleistocene, and the Miocene. The virtual absence of continental flood basalts from the Palaeozoic is puzzling for uniformitarian geologists. Continental flood basalts are thought to originate when a continental rift system coincides with a mantle plume. If this is the case, why did no continental flood basalts form throughout the Palaeozoic? It is suggested that continental flood basalts could not form in the Palaeozoic because they require subaerial conditions and the continents were flooded at that time. However, continental flood basalts in the Mesozoic and Cainozoic are problematic for traditional creationist models which consider these rocks also to have formed during the Flood. The reappearance of continental flood basalts in the Mesozoic and Cainozoic indicates that the continents were above water and forming dry land at this time. The Mesozoic and Cainozoic must therefore be post-Flood in age, and the FloodlpostFlood boundary must occur much earlier in the geological record than most creationists have assumed.",
    openalex = "W2181560458"
}

It has long been assumed by most creationist geologists that the terrestrial animals fossilised in the Mesozoic were animals drowned in the Noachic Flood. However, the Mesozoic is also the geological 'era' when bird and dinosaur tracks first appear Such evidence cannot be reconciled with the view that the Flood ended after the Mesozoic and indicates that the Mesozoic was laid down after the Flood.

@article{openalexw2185214887,
    author = "Garton, Michael",
    title = "The Pattern of Fossil Tracks in the Geological Record",
    year = "1996",
    abstract = "It has long been assumed by most creationist geologists that the terrestrial animals fossilised in the Mesozoic were animals drowned in the Noachic Flood. However, the Mesozoic is also the geological 'era' when bird and dinosaur tracks first appear Such evidence cannot be reconciled with the view that the Flood ended after the Mesozoic and indicates that the Mesozoic was laid down after the Flood.",
    openalex = "W2185214887",
    references = "openalexw2156210374"
}

@article{doi101353cat19970173,
    author = "Lella, Alexander A. Di",
    title = "Noah's Flood: The Genesis Story in Western Thought by Norman Cohn (review)",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "The Catholic Historical Review",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c3f3b9964a1a97101f73a6f917d9551bf1390e5b",
    doi = "10.1353/cat.1997.0173",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "726-728",
    semanticscholar_id = "c3f3b9964a1a97101f73a6f917d9551bf1390e5b",
    volume = "83"
}

@book{doi107208chicago97802267310870010001,
    author = "Rudwick, Martin J. S.",
    title = "Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes",
    year = "1997",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226731087.001.0001",
    doi = "10.7208/chicago/9780226731087.001.0001",
    openalex = "W4251226267"
}

@incollection{crossref19985,
    title = "5 Noah and the Flood",
    year = "1998",
    booktitle = "Traditions of the Bible",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674039766-006",
    doi = "10.4159/9780674039766-006",
    openalex = "W4301760332",
    pages = "171-226"
}

Body mass estimates for 1534 North American fossil mammal species show that new species are on average 9.1% larger than older species in the same genera. This within-lineage effect is not a sampling bias. It persists throughout the Cenozoic, accounting for the gradual overall increase in average mass (Cope's rule). The effect is stronger for larger mammals, being near zero for small mammals. This variation partially explains the unwavering lower size limit and the gradually expanding mid-sized gap, but not the sudden large increase in the upper size limit, at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.

@article{doi101126science2805364731,
    author = "Alroy, John",
    title = "Cope's Rule and the Dynamics of Body Mass Evolution in North American Fossil Mammals",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Body mass estimates for 1534 North American fossil mammal species show that new species are on average 9.1\% larger than older species in the same genera. This within-lineage effect is not a sampling bias. It persists throughout the Cenozoic, accounting for the gradual overall increase in average mass (Cope's rule). The effect is stronger for larger mammals, being near zero for small mammals. This variation partially explains the unwavering lower size limit and the gradually expanding mid-sized gap, but not the sudden large increase in the upper size limit, at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5364.731",
    doi = "10.1126/science.280.5364.731",
    openalex = "W2053649449",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000059126, doi101017s0094837300016134, doi101038365748a0, doi101111j155856461949tb00010x, doi101111j155856461973tb05912x, doi105860choice290302"
}

Abstract The Green River Formation (Eocene Fossil Lake) within Fossil Basin of southwestern Wyoming is one of the world’s most famous fossil deposits as well as one of the best preserved lacustrine sequences. It contains a full suite of lake-margin to lake-center facies, including prograding Gilbert-type deltas, near-shore bioturbated micrites, and deeper water black “shales” or kerogen-rich micrites. Over 120 m of lacustrine sediments were deposited in an elongated north-south basin over an area of 1500 km2. The Green River Formation grades laterally and vertically into the fluvial Wasatch Formation which is composed of mudstones, claystones, silt-stones, sandstones, and conglomerates. The most common lacustrine lithofacies are kerogen-rich laminated micrite, kerogen-poor laminated micrite, partly bioturbated micrite, bioturbated micrite, dolomicrite, kerogen-rich laminated dolomicrite, kerogen-poor laminated dolomicrite, sandstone and mudstone. Fossils include fish, crocodiles, turtles, mammals (rare), birds, ostracods, gastropods, pelecypods, insects, and trace fossils (burrows), and an abundant variety of plants. Fossil Lake originated as a flood plain-lake that gradually evolved into a large lake system. It became increasingly saline through time, culminating in a hypersaline evaporite stage during upper unit time. Deposition of lithofacies depended on rates of deposition, distance from shore, and depth. Kerogen-rich laminated micrite was deposited near the basin center where lake-generated organics (algae) were not highly diluted by carbonate or clastic sedimentation. Carbonate laminae were produced by the mixing of calcium-rich inflows with alkaline lake water as evidenced by an increase shoreward of bed thickness, number of laminae, and carbonate lamina thickness. These shoreward increases suggests that episodic fluctuations in inflow were responsible for deposition of laminae in the near-shore environment and possibly throughout the lake. Seasonal or large inflow events may have resulted in basin-wide lamina deposition. The Green River Formation in Fossil Basin provides abundant opportunities to conduct detailed studies that require detailed correlations of lake-margin to lake-center facies and where field logistics are a consideration. Questions concerning the origin of dolomite, the deposition of feldspathic tuffs in fresh water sequences, and the processes involving the deposition of laminae are yet to be fully understood.

@article{openalexw1918130987,
    author = "Buchheim, H. Paul and Eugster, Hans P.",
    title = "Eocene Fossil Lake: The Green River Formation of Fossil Basin, Southwestern Wyoming",
    year = "1998",
    abstract = "Abstract The Green River Formation (Eocene Fossil Lake) within Fossil Basin of southwestern Wyoming is one of the world’s most famous fossil deposits as well as one of the best preserved lacustrine sequences. It contains a full suite of lake-margin to lake-center facies, including prograding Gilbert-type deltas, near-shore bioturbated micrites, and deeper water black “shales” or kerogen-rich micrites. Over 120 m of lacustrine sediments were deposited in an elongated north-south basin over an area of 1500 km2. The Green River Formation grades laterally and vertically into the fluvial Wasatch Formation which is composed of mudstones, claystones, silt-stones, sandstones, and conglomerates. The most common lacustrine lithofacies are kerogen-rich laminated micrite, kerogen-poor laminated micrite, partly bioturbated micrite, bioturbated micrite, dolomicrite, kerogen-rich laminated dolomicrite, kerogen-poor laminated dolomicrite, sandstone and mudstone. Fossils include fish, crocodiles, turtles, mammals (rare), birds, ostracods, gastropods, pelecypods, insects, and trace fossils (burrows), and an abundant variety of plants. Fossil Lake originated as a flood plain-lake that gradually evolved into a large lake system. It became increasingly saline through time, culminating in a hypersaline evaporite stage during upper unit time. Deposition of lithofacies depended on rates of deposition, distance from shore, and depth. Kerogen-rich laminated micrite was deposited near the basin center where lake-generated organics (algae) were not highly diluted by carbonate or clastic sedimentation. Carbonate laminae were produced by the mixing of calcium-rich inflows with alkaline lake water as evidenced by an increase shoreward of bed thickness, number of laminae, and carbonate lamina thickness. These shoreward increases suggests that episodic fluctuations in inflow were responsible for deposition of laminae in the near-shore environment and possibly throughout the lake. Seasonal or large inflow events may have resulted in basin-wide lamina deposition. The Green River Formation in Fossil Basin provides abundant opportunities to conduct detailed studies that require detailed correlations of lake-margin to lake-center facies and where field logistics are a consideration. Questions concerning the origin of dolomite, the deposition of feldspathic tuffs in fresh water sequences, and the processes involving the deposition of laminae are yet to be fully understood.",
    openalex = "W1918130987"
}

@incollection{bernstein1999noah,
    author = "BERNSTEIN, MOSHE J.",
    title = "NOAH AND THE FLOOD AT QUMRAN",
    year = "1999",
    booktitle = "The Provo International Conference on the Dead Sea Scrolls",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004350311\_021",
    doi = "10.1163/9789004350311\_021",
    openalex = "W2506984650",
    pages = "199-231"
}

Abstract Seven local faunas (Little Muddy I–VII) of early to middle Eocene age are described from the Little Muddy Creek area in the southwestern Green River Basin. These assemblages were collected from approximately 400 m of interfingering alluvial and lacustrine deposits in the Wasatch, Green River and Bridger formations. This is the first time the Wasatchian-Bridgerian boundary has been delineated within the southwestern Green River Basin. A continuous stratigraphic section from the late Wasatchian (Wa7) through the late Bridgerian (Br3) is now known in the southern Green River Basin.The Lostcabinian (Wa7) in the southwestern Green River Basin is recognized by the occurrence of Lambdotherium and the presence of Meniscotherium and Notharctus nunienus. The temporal range of Anemorhysis wortmani is extended upward to include the Lostcabinian of the southwestern Green River Basin. The late Gardnerbuttean (Bridgerian Biostratigraphic Zone Br1a) is recognized in the southwestern Green River Basin by the first appearances of Palaeosyops fontinalis and Hyrachyus. “Bridger A” (Bridgerian Biostratigraphic Zone Br1b) is recognized in the southwestern Green River Basin by the first appearances of Orohippus pumilus, Omomys carteri, Leptotomus parvus, and Washakius insignis. Other important records include the earliest occurrences of Tetrapassalus sp. and Parasauromalus. The presence of a new genus and species of crocodylian and a new genus and species of helaletid perissodactyl are documented.

@article{doi1016710272463420000200369eefvft20co2,
    author = "Zonneveld, John‐Paul and Gunnell, Gregg F. and Bartels, William S.",
    title = "Early Eocene fossil vertebrates from the southwestern Green River Basin, Lincoln and Uinta counties, Wyoming",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Seven local faunas (Little Muddy I–VII) of early to middle Eocene age are described from the Little Muddy Creek area in the southwestern Green River Basin. These assemblages were collected from approximately 400 m of interfingering alluvial and lacustrine deposits in the Wasatch, Green River and Bridger formations. This is the first time the Wasatchian-Bridgerian boundary has been delineated within the southwestern Green River Basin. A continuous stratigraphic section from the late Wasatchian (Wa7) through the late Bridgerian (Br3) is now known in the southern Green River Basin.The Lostcabinian (Wa7) in the southwestern Green River Basin is recognized by the occurrence of Lambdotherium and the presence of Meniscotherium and Notharctus nunienus. The temporal range of Anemorhysis wortmani is extended upward to include the Lostcabinian of the southwestern Green River Basin. The late Gardnerbuttean (Bridgerian Biostratigraphic Zone Br1a) is recognized in the southwestern Green River Basin by the first appearances of Palaeosyops fontinalis and Hyrachyus. “Bridger A” (Bridgerian Biostratigraphic Zone Br1b) is recognized in the southwestern Green River Basin by the first appearances of Orohippus pumilus, Omomys carteri, Leptotomus parvus, and Washakius insignis. Other important records include the earliest occurrences of Tetrapassalus sp. and Parasauromalus. The presence of a new genus and species of crocodylian and a new genus and species of helaletid perissodactyl are documented.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0369:eefvft]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0369:eefvft]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2175108396"
}

The Hanna Basin is a relatively small foreland basin in south-central Wyoming containing a combined thickness of roughly 38,000 ft (11.5 km) of Upper Cretaceous and Palecene strata. Amber occurs in the Hanna Basin in carbonaceous to lignitic strata, representing fluvial and paludal episodes bounded by incursions of epicontinental seas. Amber occurs, in decreasing age, in the Upper Cretaceous Allen Ridge, Medicine Bow, and Ferris formations (parts of the last straddle the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary), as well as in the Paleocene Hanna Formation. Because of the extraordinary thickness, unequivocal stratigraphic superposition, and long-lived deposition of Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene amber-bearing strata in the Hanna Basin, a unique opportunity has been provided for integrated study of taxonomic sources, deposition, and taphonomic alteration of ancient resins. In all relevant Cretaceous and some Paleocene outcrops the amber is preserved mostly as small (4–8 mm diameter) droplets, often highly weathered and oxidized. One site in the Hanna Formation has yielded abundant, large pieces of transparent amber. Composition of samples analyzed by pyrolysis/gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (PyGC-MS) indicates a common taxonomic source for amber from the Allen Ridge, Medicine Bow, and Hanna formations. The taxonomic source of amber from one part of the Ferris Formation, in contrast, is unique among the sites sampled; its chemical signature probably reflects a distinctive paleoenvironment and flora, originally recognized through palynomorphs. The characteristic PyGC-MS profile from that site is highly indicative of the Dipterocarpaceae, which would imply a rare but expected Mesozoic record of amber from a dicotyledonous tree. In the Hanna Basin a stratigraphic interval of more than 5 mi (> 8 km) and a time gap of approximately 20 million years separate the lowest and highest occurrences of amber. Such a range in one stratigraphic sequence is unprecedented among known deposits of amber. Of particular interest is that most of these samples apparently were formed by one or several closely related species of trees. The amber is chemically and physically mature, no doubt due to deep burial. Nevertheless, despite dramatic differences in age and depth of burial, only minor chemical changes from diagenetic causes were detected among the samples. Inclusions in well-preserved pieces of amber from the Hanna Formation are fairly abundant, but typically they are distorted or were partially destroyed by effects of compaction and/or microscopic-scale deformation. Sparse wood and plant fragments and spores/pollen grains are present, but only one insect (a thrips: Order Thysanoptera) has been recognized. Distinctive scales of conifer cones occur in the Allen Ridge Formation. The scales contain radiating vessels of resin, and they represent the taxonomically equivocal genus “ Dammara. ” PyGC-MS analysis of the vessel resin indicates that the same kind of tree that produced these cone scales also produced the amber in the Allen Ridge, Medicine Bow, and Hanna formations. Moreover, chemical composition of these samples closely matches that from vessels of “ Dammara ” cone scales from Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) strata in eastern North America. Circumstantial association of “ Dammara ” cone scales with several types of fossilized foliage suggests Taxodiaceae as the common source, although wood anatomy and amber chemistry also suggest Pinaceae. In spite of this taxonomic uncertainty, it is probable that 30 million years of amber production during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene in northern North America, and probably much of Holarctica, was the result of a genus of tree that produced “ Dammara ” cone scales. These new data cast serious doubt upon recent proposals that all Cretaceous ambers were formed by members of the Araucariaceae. Wax residues were chemically discerned in one specimen of cone scale.

@article{doi102113352163,
    author = "Grimaldi, David A.",
    title = "Amber from Upper Cretaceous through Paleocene strata of the Hanna Basin, Wyoming, with evidence for source and taphonomy of fossil resins",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Rocky Mountain Geology",
    abstract = "The Hanna Basin is a relatively small foreland basin in south-central Wyoming containing a combined thickness of roughly 38,000 ft (11.5 km) of Upper Cretaceous and Palecene strata. Amber occurs in the Hanna Basin in carbonaceous to lignitic strata, representing fluvial and paludal episodes bounded by incursions of epicontinental seas. Amber occurs, in decreasing age, in the Upper Cretaceous Allen Ridge, Medicine Bow, and Ferris formations (parts of the last straddle the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary), as well as in the Paleocene Hanna Formation. Because of the extraordinary thickness, unequivocal stratigraphic superposition, and long-lived deposition of Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene amber-bearing strata in the Hanna Basin, a unique opportunity has been provided for integrated study of taxonomic sources, deposition, and taphonomic alteration of ancient resins. In all relevant Cretaceous and some Paleocene outcrops the amber is preserved mostly as small (4–8 mm diameter) droplets, often highly weathered and oxidized. One site in the Hanna Formation has yielded abundant, large pieces of transparent amber. Composition of samples analyzed by pyrolysis/gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (PyGC-MS) indicates a common taxonomic source for amber from the Allen Ridge, Medicine Bow, and Hanna formations. The taxonomic source of amber from one part of the Ferris Formation, in contrast, is unique among the sites sampled; its chemical signature probably reflects a distinctive paleoenvironment and flora, originally recognized through palynomorphs. The characteristic PyGC-MS profile from that site is highly indicative of the Dipterocarpaceae, which would imply a rare but expected Mesozoic record of amber from a dicotyledonous tree. In the Hanna Basin a stratigraphic interval of more than 5 mi (> 8 km) and a time gap of approximately 20 million years separate the lowest and highest occurrences of amber. Such a range in one stratigraphic sequence is unprecedented among known deposits of amber. Of particular interest is that most of these samples apparently were formed by one or several closely related species of trees. The amber is chemically and physically mature, no doubt due to deep burial. Nevertheless, despite dramatic differences in age and depth of burial, only minor chemical changes from diagenetic causes were detected among the samples. Inclusions in well-preserved pieces of amber from the Hanna Formation are fairly abundant, but typically they are distorted or were partially destroyed by effects of compaction and/or microscopic-scale deformation. Sparse wood and plant fragments and spores/pollen grains are present, but only one insect (a thrips: Order Thysanoptera) has been recognized. Distinctive scales of conifer cones occur in the Allen Ridge Formation. The scales contain radiating vessels of resin, and they represent the taxonomically equivocal genus “ Dammara. ” PyGC-MS analysis of the vessel resin indicates that the same kind of tree that produced these cone scales also produced the amber in the Allen Ridge, Medicine Bow, and Hanna formations. Moreover, chemical composition of these samples closely matches that from vessels of “ Dammara ” cone scales from Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) strata in eastern North America. Circumstantial association of “ Dammara ” cone scales with several types of fossilized foliage suggests Taxodiaceae as the common source, although wood anatomy and amber chemistry also suggest Pinaceae. In spite of this taxonomic uncertainty, it is probable that 30 million years of amber production during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene in northern North America, and probably much of Holarctica, was the result of a genus of tree that produced “ Dammara ” cone scales. These new data cast serious doubt upon recent proposals that all Cretaceous ambers were formed by members of the Araucariaceae. Wax residues were chemically discerned in one specimen of cone scale.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/35.2.163",
    doi = "10.2113/35.2.163",
    openalex = "W2002509713"
}

Part 1 Geology in wider perspective: fossil collecting and the culture of geology gathering means, unfolding opportunities. Part 2 Provincial centres of geology: a culture of museums and collections stratifying the collecting community slaves of the collection. Part 3 Collecting in an age of individualism: fossils as commodities and gifts evangelists, collectors and localities excavating answers Saurians in the market place. Part 4 Collecting - the end of laissez-faire: the problem of free enterprise fossil collecting under government control a phoenix from the ashes. Part 5 The culture of English geology: the making of an heroic age.

@book{openalexw598353565,
    author = "Knell, Simon",
    title = "The Culture of English Geology, 1815-1851: A Science Revealed Through Its Collecting",
    year = "2000",
    booktitle = "Queensland's institutional digital repository (The University of Queensland)",
    abstract = "Part 1 Geology in wider perspective: fossil collecting and the culture of geology gathering means, unfolding opportunities. Part 2 Provincial centres of geology: a culture of museums and collections stratifying the collecting community slaves of the collection. Part 3 Collecting in an age of individualism: fossils as commodities and gifts evangelists, collectors and localities excavating answers Saurians in the market place. Part 4 Collecting - the end of laissez-faire: the problem of free enterprise fossil collecting under government control a phoenix from the ashes. Part 5 The culture of English geology: the making of an heroic age.",
    openalex = "W598353565"
}

Traditions of a great flood are found in the oral and written memories of many cultures, both extant and extinct, nearly all over the world. The best-known account is that found in the biblical Book of Genesis 6-9, according to which God completely reshaped the original creation by means of a worldwide waterborne catastrophe. From the survivors of Noah’s ark, both human and animal, God “replenished the earth,” and human and natural history alike began anew. The precise relationship of this host of narratives to the biblical tradition is not settled. They may all stem from some singular event in the ancient past or from a number of similar, but unconnected, events. The Genesis account of the Flood also bears an obvious relationship to other ancient Near Eastern flood narratives (such as that preserved in the Epic of Gilgamesh), but the nature of that relationship (that is, the priority of literary influence) is uncertain.

@article{doi104324978020380129188,
    author = "Stiling, Rodney L.",
    title = "THE GENESIS FLOOD",
    year = "2003",
    abstract = "Traditions of a great flood are found in the oral and written memories of many cultures, both extant and extinct, nearly all over the world. The best-known account is that found in the biblical Book of Genesis 6-9, according to which God completely reshaped the original creation by means of a worldwide waterborne catastrophe. From the survivors of Noah’s ark, both human and animal, God “replenished the earth,” and human and natural history alike began anew. The precise relationship of this host of narratives to the biblical tradition is not settled. They may all stem from some singular event in the ancient past or from a number of similar, but unconnected, events. The Genesis account of the Flood also bears an obvious relationship to other ancient Near Eastern flood narratives (such as that preserved in the Epic of Gilgamesh), but the nature of that relationship (that is, the priority of literary influence) is uncertain.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203801291-88",
    doi = "10.4324/9780203801291-88",
    openalex = "W2958058536"
}

The wealth of new data, mostly from the ocean bottom, that precipitated the acceptance of plate tectonics during the 1960s simultaneously also opened the door for the first time in more than 200 years to a technically credible defense of the Genesis Flood. From the mid-1700s through the days of Hutton, Lyell, and Darwin to the 1960s, it overwhelmed the human mind to imagine a mechanism that could possibly deliver, in a single brief event, the magnitude and complexity of geological change evident in the continental rock record above the point where fossils first appear. However, with the new awareness that the earth’s interior could participate in the process and that the stiff layer of rock some 50 miles thick beneath the oceans could be recycled into the earth, the stage was set for a breakthrough in regard to the mechanism for the Flood cataclysm. The crucial final piece of the puzzle has come from laboratory experiments that have carefully measured the way in which silicate minerals deform under conditions of high temperature and high stress. These experiments reveal silicate material can weaken dramatically, by factors of a billion or more, at mantle temperatures and for stress conditions that can exist in the mantles of planets the size of the earth. The scenario in which all the earth’s ocean lithosphere is rapidly recycled into the mantle via a runaway process, enabled by this stress-weakening behavior, is

@article{openalexw3092267784,
    author = "Baumgardner, John R.",
    title = "Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: The Physics Behind the Genesis Flood",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "The wealth of new data, mostly from the ocean bottom, that precipitated the acceptance of plate tectonics during the 1960s simultaneously also opened the door for the first time in more than 200 years to a technically credible defense of the Genesis Flood. From the mid-1700s through the days of Hutton, Lyell, and Darwin to the 1960s, it overwhelmed the human mind to imagine a mechanism that could possibly deliver, in a single brief event, the magnitude and complexity of geological change evident in the continental rock record above the point where fossils first appear. However, with the new awareness that the earth’s interior could participate in the process and that the stiff layer of rock some 50 miles thick beneath the oceans could be recycled into the earth, the stage was set for a breakthrough in regard to the mechanism for the Flood cataclysm. The crucial final piece of the puzzle has come from laboratory experiments that have carefully measured the way in which silicate minerals deform under conditions of high temperature and high stress. These experiments reveal silicate material can weaken dramatically, by factors of a billion or more, at mantle temperatures and for stress conditions that can exist in the mantles of planets the size of the earth. The scenario in which all the earth’s ocean lithosphere is rapidly recycled into the mantle via a runaway process, enabled by this stress-weakening behavior, is",
    openalex = "W3092267784",
    references = "doi10102992je01085, doi10102993jb03408, doi10102994je00388, doi101029rg021i006p01458, doi10103826212, doi101046j1365246x199800521x, doi1011221548954, doi101126science23948471501, openalexw2116944555, openalexw2171088317, openalexw3093356675"
}

KEYWORDS: Equidae, baraminology, paleontology, baraminic distance, analysis of pattern, ANOPA, intrabaraminic diversification, biological trajectory We performed a baraminological analysis on nineteen fossil equid species using a morphological dataset obtained from the published literature. From a baraminic distance correlation analysis, we found evidence that all nineteen species belong to a single monobaramin. The 3D ANOPA distribution revealed a linear trajectory of equid species with sixteen species in the main axis and three species in a side-branch. The order of species in the ANOPA trajectory closely corresponds to the order of stratigraphic appearance, indicating that the fossil equids form a true stratomorphic series. We interpret the strata as post-Flood, concluding that the equid fossil record evidences a rapid, post-Flood, intrabaraminic diversification.

@article{openalexw3092361106,
    author = "Cavanaugh, David P. and Wood, Todd and Wise, Kurt",
    title = "Fossil Equidae: A Monobaraminic, Stratomorphic Series",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "KEYWORDS: Equidae, baraminology, paleontology, baraminic distance, analysis of pattern, ANOPA, intrabaraminic diversification, biological trajectory We performed a baraminological analysis on nineteen fossil equid species using a morphological dataset obtained from the published literature. From a baraminic distance correlation analysis, we found evidence that all nineteen species belong to a single monobaramin. The 3D ANOPA distribution revealed a linear trajectory of equid species with sixteen species in the main axis and three species in a side-branch. The order of species in the ANOPA trajectory closely corresponds to the order of stratigraphic appearance, indicating that the fossil equids form a true stratomorphic series. We interpret the strata as post-Flood, concluding that the equid fossil record evidences a rapid, post-Flood, intrabaraminic diversification.",
    openalex = "W3092361106",
    references = "openalexw3093356675"
}

The sessile status and high preservability of plants make them good taxa for studying fossil record order and discriminating among the various mechanisms creationists have advanced for explaining fossil order. Although the creation model does not make specific predictions about the order of fossil appearance for the plants, evolutionary theory does. The first appearance of higher plant taxa occur in an order strongly correlative with the order of evolutionary branching predicted from published cladograms. The higher plant taxa represent a strong stratomorphic series. The probability that this pattern could be arrived at randomly is so low as to suggest that an explanation is required in the young-age creation model. The synapomorphy sequence of plant cladograms is consistent with a character trend up the cladogram towards increased resistance to dessication (or increased terrestriality) and is highly correlative with the stratigraphic order of both first appearance and maximum diversity. It is proposed that the Flood destruction of pre-Flood floating forest biome would explain this data. In a fashion analogous to the plants of a quaking bog, it is suggested that the floating forest biome grew out over the ocean through an ecological succession of rhyzomous plants of steadily increasing size generating and thriving upon an increasingly thick mat of vegetation and soil. It is suggested that the plant succession from open water inward began with horneophytes, and continued with a sequence of rhyniophytes, zosterophyllites, and progymnosperms. This was followed in turn by a full forest biome including herbaceous lycopods and ferns on the forest floor, seed ferns in the understory, and arborescent sphenophytes and lycopods making up the canopy. It is also suggested that living in the floating forest was a succession of animals (the Paleozoic ‘land’ animals). This would have included the large Paleozoic insects as well as the Devonian aquatic tetrapods (like Ichthyostega) in pools on thinner portions of the forest floor and a wide variety of large amphibians (including the labyrinthodonts) on the thicker sections of the forest. Not only does the Flood destruction of the floating forest explain the first appearance and maximum abundance order of fossil plants and animals, it also explains the strong association of Paleozoic plants with marine sediments and how the pre-Flood world could support the plant biomass represented in the Carboniferous coals. It also incorporates the pre-Flood floating forest theory of Joachim Scheven, and the floating logmat theory of Steven A. Austin for the origin of coal. It is further suggested that the residual catastrophism of the post-Flood period prevented the restoration of the antediluvian floating forest biome and resulted in the extinction of most of the Paleozoic plants and ‘land’ animals.

@article{openalexw3092395673,
    author = "Wise, Kurt",
    title = "The Pre-Flood Floating Forest: A Study in Paleontological Pattern Recognition",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "The sessile status and high preservability of plants make them good taxa for studying fossil record order and discriminating among the various mechanisms creationists have advanced for explaining fossil order. Although the creation model does not make specific predictions about the order of fossil appearance for the plants, evolutionary theory does. The first appearance of higher plant taxa occur in an order strongly correlative with the order of evolutionary branching predicted from published cladograms. The higher plant taxa represent a strong stratomorphic series. The probability that this pattern could be arrived at randomly is so low as to suggest that an explanation is required in the young-age creation model. The synapomorphy sequence of plant cladograms is consistent with a character trend up the cladogram towards increased resistance to dessication (or increased terrestriality) and is highly correlative with the stratigraphic order of both first appearance and maximum diversity. It is proposed that the Flood destruction of pre-Flood floating forest biome would explain this data. In a fashion analogous to the plants of a quaking bog, it is suggested that the floating forest biome grew out over the ocean through an ecological succession of rhyzomous plants of steadily increasing size generating and thriving upon an increasingly thick mat of vegetation and soil. It is suggested that the plant succession from open water inward began with horneophytes, and continued with a sequence of rhyniophytes, zosterophyllites, and progymnosperms. This was followed in turn by a full forest biome including herbaceous lycopods and ferns on the forest floor, seed ferns in the understory, and arborescent sphenophytes and lycopods making up the canopy. It is also suggested that living in the floating forest was a succession of animals (the Paleozoic ‘land’ animals). This would have included the large Paleozoic insects as well as the Devonian aquatic tetrapods (like Ichthyostega) in pools on thinner portions of the forest floor and a wide variety of large amphibians (including the labyrinthodonts) on the thicker sections of the forest. Not only does the Flood destruction of the floating forest explain the first appearance and maximum abundance order of fossil plants and animals, it also explains the strong association of Paleozoic plants with marine sediments and how the pre-Flood world could support the plant biomass represented in the Carboniferous coals. It also incorporates the pre-Flood floating forest theory of Joachim Scheven, and the floating logmat theory of Steven A. Austin for the origin of coal. It is further suggested that the residual catastrophism of the post-Flood period prevented the restoration of the antediluvian floating forest biome and resulted in the extinction of most of the Paleozoic plants and ‘land’ animals.",
    openalex = "W3092395673",
    references = "openalexw3093356675"
}

[2] argued for a pre-Flood/Flood boundary in the lower part of the Kingston Peak Formation in the East Mojave of eastern California and western Nevada. Diabase and associated evidence of contact metamorphism and rapid cooling in the Crystal Spring Formation, as well as solution pipes, chaotic bedding, dome structures, and massive precipitite production in the overlying Beck Spring Formation suggest that hydrothermal activity associated with the cooling of the diabase generated the Beck Spring sediments in pre- Flood times. The swelling of the Crystal Spring sediments by the intrusion of the hot diabase is thought to have brought the sediments at or to sea level. A shallow water status was maintained for an extended period as the shrinking of the cooling diabase was equalled by the generation of the primary dolomites of the Beck Spring Formation. The presence of these rocks in what [2] interpret as deep continental rise sediments combined with the evidence of shallow marine sediments to the west suggests that this environment was located far offshore on the edge of the continental shelf, creating landward, a several-hundred-mile wide, marine lagoon on the continental shelf. Abundant cryptalgal structures and stromatolites in East Mojave and Grand Canyon sediments suggest that the seaward portions of this lagoon may have been ideal for stromatolite growth. Sediments overlying the Beck Spring Formation contain a sequence of fossils, from stromatolites, to Ediacaran organisms, to small shelly fossils, and finally to traditional ‘Paleozoic Fauna’. This suggests that the pre-Flood continental shelf housed a spectrum of marine ecosystems from the margin landward: (a) a shallow-water, stromatolitic, hydrothermal, carbonate reef environment; b) a deep-water, sandy(?) evironment, with an Ediacaran benthos; c) a carbonate(?) environment populated with the organisms which generated the small shelly fossils; and finally d) a non-carbonate(?) muddy environment populated by the ‘Paleozoic Fauna’. The wide-spread nature of similar diabase in the Southwest suggests that the hydrothermal environment may have been at least regional in extent. The similar sequence of rocks and fossils at a number of locations worldwide suggests that the hydrothermal biome evidenced in what is now Southwestern United States may have been a widespread feature of the pre-Flood world. In this interpretation, on the first day of the Flood, the breakup of the 'fountains of the great deep' (Genesis 7:11) collapsed a portion of the distal carbonate bank onto the continental rise. The earliest Flood sediments were poured through the resultant hole in the reef, resulting in rapid and deep burial – and thus preservation – of these earliest Flood deposits. The extinction of many of the creatures of this biome (many of the stromatolite taxa, the Ediacaran Fauna, the small shelly fossils, and most of the Paleozoic Fauna) is explained by the failure to regenerate the same protective regime in post-Flood times. The few survivors from this fauna/flora (stromatolites, thermophilic bacteria) are relegated to relict localities in the present world (e.g. mid-ocean ridges, geysers, hypersaline intertidal environments).

@article{openalexw3092466372,
    author = "Wise, Kurt",
    title = "The Hydrothermal Biome: A Pre-Flood Environment",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "[2] argued for a pre-Flood/Flood boundary in the lower part of the Kingston Peak Formation in the East Mojave of eastern California and western Nevada. Diabase and associated evidence of contact metamorphism and rapid cooling in the Crystal Spring Formation, as well as solution pipes, chaotic bedding, dome structures, and massive precipitite production in the overlying Beck Spring Formation suggest that hydrothermal activity associated with the cooling of the diabase generated the Beck Spring sediments in pre- Flood times. The swelling of the Crystal Spring sediments by the intrusion of the hot diabase is thought to have brought the sediments at or to sea level. A shallow water status was maintained for an extended period as the shrinking of the cooling diabase was equalled by the generation of the primary dolomites of the Beck Spring Formation. The presence of these rocks in what [2] interpret as deep continental rise sediments combined with the evidence of shallow marine sediments to the west suggests that this environment was located far offshore on the edge of the continental shelf, creating landward, a several-hundred-mile wide, marine lagoon on the continental shelf. Abundant cryptalgal structures and stromatolites in East Mojave and Grand Canyon sediments suggest that the seaward portions of this lagoon may have been ideal for stromatolite growth. Sediments overlying the Beck Spring Formation contain a sequence of fossils, from stromatolites, to Ediacaran organisms, to small shelly fossils, and finally to traditional ‘Paleozoic Fauna’. This suggests that the pre-Flood continental shelf housed a spectrum of marine ecosystems from the margin landward: (a) a shallow-water, stromatolitic, hydrothermal, carbonate reef environment; b) a deep-water, sandy(?) evironment, with an Ediacaran benthos; c) a carbonate(?) environment populated with the organisms which generated the small shelly fossils; and finally d) a non-carbonate(?) muddy environment populated by the ‘Paleozoic Fauna’. The wide-spread nature of similar diabase in the Southwest suggests that the hydrothermal environment may have been at least regional in extent. The similar sequence of rocks and fossils at a number of locations worldwide suggests that the hydrothermal biome evidenced in what is now Southwestern United States may have been a widespread feature of the pre-Flood world. In this interpretation, on the first day of the Flood, the breakup of the 'fountains of the great deep' (Genesis 7:11) collapsed a portion of the distal carbonate bank onto the continental rise. The earliest Flood sediments were poured through the resultant hole in the reef, resulting in rapid and deep burial – and thus preservation – of these earliest Flood deposits. The extinction of many of the creatures of this biome (many of the stromatolite taxa, the Ediacaran Fauna, the small shelly fossils, and most of the Paleozoic Fauna) is explained by the failure to regenerate the same protective regime in post-Flood times. The few survivors from this fauna/flora (stromatolites, thermophilic bacteria) are relegated to relict localities in the present world (e.g. mid-ocean ridges, geysers, hypersaline intertidal environments).",
    openalex = "W3092466372"
}

The wealth of new data, mostly from the ocean bottom, that precipitated the acceptance of plate tectonics during the 1960s simultaneously also opened the door for the first time in more than 200 years to a technically credible defense of the Genesis Flood. From the mid-1700s through the days of Hutton, Lyell, and Darwin to the 1960s, it overwhelmed the human mind to imagine a mechanism that could possibly deliver, in a single brief event, the magnitude and complexity of geological change evident in the continental rock record above the point where fossils first appear. However, with the new awareness that the earth’s interior could participate in the process and that the stiff layer of rock some 50 miles thick beneath the oceans could be recycled into the earth, the stage was set for a breakthrough in regard to the mechanism for the Flood cataclysm. The crucial final piece of the puzzle has come from laboratory experiments that have carefully measured the way in which silicate minerals deform under conditions of high temperature and high stress. These experiments reveal silicate material can weaken dramatically, by factors of a billion or more, at mantle temperatures and for stress conditions that can exist in the mantles of planets the size of the earth. The scenario in which all the earth’s ocean lithosphere is rapidly recycled into the mantle via a runaway process, enabled by this stress-weakening behavior, is

@article{s24975a3c2e71cf0285b1532b0890b9f79d9333ce4,
    author = "Flood and Baumgardner, J.",
    title = "Catastrophic Plate Tectonics: The Physics Behind the Genesis Flood",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "The wealth of new data, mostly from the ocean bottom, that precipitated the acceptance of plate tectonics during the 1960s simultaneously also opened the door for the first time in more than 200 years to a technically credible defense of the Genesis Flood. From the mid-1700s through the days of Hutton, Lyell, and Darwin to the 1960s, it overwhelmed the human mind to imagine a mechanism that could possibly deliver, in a single brief event, the magnitude and complexity of geological change evident in the continental rock record above the point where fossils first appear. However, with the new awareness that the earth’s interior could participate in the process and that the stiff layer of rock some 50 miles thick beneath the oceans could be recycled into the earth, the stage was set for a breakthrough in regard to the mechanism for the Flood cataclysm. The crucial final piece of the puzzle has come from laboratory experiments that have carefully measured the way in which silicate minerals deform under conditions of high temperature and high stress. These experiments reveal silicate material can weaken dramatically, by factors of a billion or more, at mantle temperatures and for stress conditions that can exist in the mantles of planets the size of the earth. The scenario in which all the earth’s ocean lithosphere is rapidly recycled into the mantle via a runaway process, enabled by this stress-weakening behavior, is",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4975a3c2e71cf0285b1532b0890b9f79d9333ce4",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W3092267784",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "22",
    semanticscholar_id = "4975a3c2e71cf0285b1532b0890b9f79d9333ce4"
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La plus ancienne reconstitution d’un ptérosaure, envoyée par le professeur Jean Hermann de Strasbourg à Georges Cuvier à Paris en 1800, n’a jamais été publiée. Elle est cependant présente, avec des documents importants et des lettres dans les archives de la Bibliothèque centrale du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, à Paris. Le dessin est assez insolite à bien des égards, car Hermann a interprété l’animal comme le meilleur intermédiaire possible entre les oiseaux et les quadrupèdes tels que les chauves-souris. Bien que la reconstitution d’Hermann n’ait eu que peu d’influence sur Cuvier, elle a attiré l’attention de ce dernier sur l’article de Collini de 1784, le premier qui ait traité de ces animaux que Cuvier devait nommer plus tard « ptéro-dactyles », sans même avoir vu le spécimen original. Le dessin de Collini convainquit immédiatement Cuvier que ces animaux mystérieux étaient des Reptiles et qu’ils pouvaient voler. L’expertise de Cuvier avec les modèles tirés de l’anatomie comparée lui permit de corriger de nombreuses interprétations des autres auteurs qui ont représenté les ptérosaures comme des mammifères, des oiseaux, des chauves-souris, comme des animaux amphibiens ou marins, intermédiaires entre différents groupes. Ces premiers essais complexes des structures et des « affinités » de la vie préhistorique reflètent la fluidité des « arrangements » pré-évolutifs, horizontaux, qui contrastent avec les classifications évolutives verticales plus tardives, basées sur des idées tirées de la phylogénie. Mais l’article de Collini fournit aussi immédiatement une solide assise théorique au prospectus de Cuvier pour son grand ouvrage sur les Ossemens Fossiles de Quadrupèdes. Cuvier, très rapidement après la lecture de l’article de Collini, développa l’introduction de son prospectus de 1800 en incorporant à ses propres vues bon nombre des stratégies rhétoriques de Collini. Les mêmes idées occupent une place importante dans le Discours préliminaire aux Ossemens Fossiles de Cuvier, son œuvre philosophique la plus célèbre.

@article{doi101016jcrpv200402002,
    author = "Taquet, Philippe and Padian, Kevin",
    title = "The earliest known restoration of a pterosaur and the philosophical origins of Cuvier’s Ossemens Fossiles",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Comptes Rendus Palevol",
    abstract = "La plus ancienne reconstitution d’un ptérosaure, envoyée par le professeur Jean Hermann de Strasbourg à Georges Cuvier à Paris en 1800, n’a jamais été publiée. Elle est cependant présente, avec des documents importants et des lettres dans les archives de la Bibliothèque centrale du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, à Paris. Le dessin est assez insolite à bien des égards, car Hermann a interprété l’animal comme le meilleur intermédiaire possible entre les oiseaux et les quadrupèdes tels que les chauves-souris. Bien que la reconstitution d’Hermann n’ait eu que peu d’influence sur Cuvier, elle a attiré l’attention de ce dernier sur l’article de Collini de 1784, le premier qui ait traité de ces animaux que Cuvier devait nommer plus tard « ptéro-dactyles », sans même avoir vu le spécimen original. Le dessin de Collini convainquit immédiatement Cuvier que ces animaux mystérieux étaient des Reptiles et qu’ils pouvaient voler. L’expertise de Cuvier avec les modèles tirés de l’anatomie comparée lui permit de corriger de nombreuses interprétations des autres auteurs qui ont représenté les ptérosaures comme des mammifères, des oiseaux, des chauves-souris, comme des animaux amphibiens ou marins, intermédiaires entre différents groupes. Ces premiers essais complexes des structures et des « affinités » de la vie préhistorique reflètent la fluidité des « arrangements » pré-évolutifs, horizontaux, qui contrastent avec les classifications évolutives verticales plus tardives, basées sur des idées tirées de la phylogénie. Mais l’article de Collini fournit aussi immédiatement une solide assise théorique au prospectus de Cuvier pour son grand ouvrage sur les Ossemens Fossiles de Quadrupèdes. Cuvier, très rapidement après la lecture de l’article de Collini, développa l’introduction de son prospectus de 1800 en incorporant à ses propres vues bon nombre des stratégies rhétoriques de Collini. Les mêmes idées occupent une place importante dans le Discours préliminaire aux Ossemens Fossiles de Cuvier, son œuvre philosophique la plus célèbre.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002",
    openalex = "W2008291674",
    references = "doi107208chicago97802267310870010001, openalexw1504554173"
}

We propose a method using suites of criteria to help establish pre-Flood, Flood and post-Flood strata. Our method is independent of chronostratigraphic indicators (that is, radioisotope dates and zone fossils); instead it relies on other criteria. Application of this model is made using the lithostratigraphic section from Wyoming and vicinity (USA) as an illustration of how the criteria model should be used. Not only can this model be used to help more confidently determine Flood boundaries, but it might be used as a test to see whether we can rely on chronostratigraphic or biostratigraphic units to determine Flood boundaries elsewhere. Properly understanding which strata belong to the pre-Flood, Flood, and post-Flood periods by recognizing large-scale patterns or suites of criteria, will help us more fully understand the biostratigraphic patterns found within the rock record.

@article{openalexw164998604,
    author = "Whitmore, John",
    title = "Using Suites of Criteria to Recognize Pre-Flood, Flood, and Post-Flood Strata in the Rock Record with Application to Wyoming (USA)",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "We propose a method using suites of criteria to help establish pre-Flood, Flood and post-Flood strata. Our method is independent of chronostratigraphic indicators (that is, radioisotope dates and zone fossils); instead it relies on other criteria. Application of this model is made using the lithostratigraphic section from Wyoming and vicinity (USA) as an illustration of how the criteria model should be used. Not only can this model be used to help more confidently determine Flood boundaries, but it might be used as a test to see whether we can rely on chronostratigraphic or biostratigraphic units to determine Flood boundaries elsewhere. Properly understanding which strata belong to the pre-Flood, Flood, and post-Flood periods by recognizing large-scale patterns or suites of criteria, will help us more fully understand the biostratigraphic patterns found within the rock record.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W164998604",
    openalex = "W164998604",
    references = "doi101016jmarpetgeo200607002, doi101016jsedgeo200401003, doi101016jsedgeo200401006, doi101016jsedgeo200401009, doi1011300016760619881001023papsol23co2, doi1011300016760619881001661fyoss23co2, doi101130g23452a1, doi1043249780203005903, doi105860choice332752, openalexw2156210374, openalexw2206315179"
}

The Eocene Green River Formation (GRF) is a series of basin deposits in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado (USA), famous for its well-preserved fish and other fossils. The GRF’s post-Flood lacustrine status is confirmed by a whole host of geological evidences. Depending on the post-Flood timescale used, the GRF was probably in place between decades to several centuries following the Flood. Its early post-Flood date is confirmed by Hyracotherium, the first animals in an intrabaraminic biological trajectory. For having such an early post-Flood date, the rocks of the GRF contain a remarkable disparity of fossils, including a greater mammal disparity than the area currently supports. Present are about 230 families (proxies for baramins) in about 104 orders, representing every kingdom of organisms. Species diversity within baramins seems to have been very low soon after the Flood, suggesting that first-order intrabaraminic diversification may be modeled following low diversity biodispersal. This suggests baramins dispersed at low diversity and diversification occurred at the termini of post-Flood dispersion paths.

@article{openalexw81911982,
    author = "Whitmore, John and Wise, Kurt",
    title = "Rapid and Early Post-Flood Mammalian Diversification Evidenced in the Green River Formation",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "The Eocene Green River Formation (GRF) is a series of basin deposits in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado (USA), famous for its well-preserved fish and other fossils. The GRF’s post-Flood lacustrine status is confirmed by a whole host of geological evidences. Depending on the post-Flood timescale used, the GRF was probably in place between decades to several centuries following the Flood. Its early post-Flood date is confirmed by Hyracotherium, the first animals in an intrabaraminic biological trajectory. For having such an early post-Flood date, the rocks of the GRF contain a remarkable disparity of fossils, including a greater mammal disparity than the area currently supports. Present are about 230 families (proxies for baramins) in about 104 orders, representing every kingdom of organisms. Species diversity within baramins seems to have been very low soon after the Flood, suggesting that first-order intrabaraminic diversification may be modeled following low diversity biodispersal. This suggests baramins dispersed at low diversity and diversification occurred at the termini of post-Flood dispersion paths.",
    openalex = "W81911982",
    references = "doi10100797814615127141, doi1016710272463420000200369eefvft20co2, doi102110pec72020108, doi102113gsrocky30133, openalexw164998604, openalexw1918130987, openalexw2206315179, openalexw3091890352, openalexw3091895862, openalexw3092361106"
}

@incollection{crossref2009noah,
    title = "Noah and the Flood",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Traditions of the Bible",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk12qmd.8",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctvk12qmd.8",
    openalex = "W4250201534",
    pages = "171-226"
}

This study concerns the formation, taphonomy, and preservation of human footprints in microbial mats of present-day tidal-flat environments. Due to differences in water content and nature of the microbial mats and the underlying sediment, a wide range of footprint morphologies was produced by the same trackmaker. Most true tracks are subjected to modification due to taphonomic processes, leading to modified true tracks. In addition to formation of biolaminites, microbial mats play a major role in the preservation of footprints on tidal flats. A footprint may be consolidated by desiccation or lithification of the mat, or by ongoing growth of the mat. The latter process may lead to the formation of overtracks. Among consolidated or (partially) lithified footprints found on present-day tidal flats, poorly defined true tracks, modified true tracks, and overtracks were most frequently encountered while unmodified and well-defined true tracks are rather rare. We suggest that modified true tracks and overtracks make up an important percentage of fossil footprints and that they may be as common as undertracks. However, making unambiguous distinctions between poorly defined true tracks, modified true tracks, undertracks, and overtracks in the fossil record will remain a difficult task, which necessitates systematic excavation of footprints combined with careful analysis of the encasing sediment.

@article{doi10108010420940802471027,
    author = "Marty, Daniel and Strasser, André and Meyer, Christian A.",
    title = "Formation and Taphonomy of Human Footprints in Microbial Mats of Present-Day Tidal-flat Environments: Implications for the Study of Fossil Footprints",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces",
    abstract = "This study concerns the formation, taphonomy, and preservation of human footprints in microbial mats of present-day tidal-flat environments. Due to differences in water content and nature of the microbial mats and the underlying sediment, a wide range of footprint morphologies was produced by the same trackmaker. Most true tracks are subjected to modification due to taphonomic processes, leading to modified true tracks. In addition to formation of biolaminites, microbial mats play a major role in the preservation of footprints on tidal flats. A footprint may be consolidated by desiccation or lithification of the mat, or by ongoing growth of the mat. The latter process may lead to the formation of overtracks. Among consolidated or (partially) lithified footprints found on present-day tidal flats, poorly defined true tracks, modified true tracks, and overtracks were most frequently encountered while unmodified and well-defined true tracks are rather rare. We suggest that modified true tracks and overtracks make up an important percentage of fossil footprints and that they may be as common as undertracks. However, making unambiguous distinctions between poorly defined true tracks, modified true tracks, undertracks, and overtracks in the fossil record will remain a difficult task, which necessitates systematic excavation of footprints combined with careful analysis of the encasing sediment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940802471027",
    doi = "10.1080/10420940802471027",
    openalex = "W2103008101",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jtim200507008, doi10103820167, doi101046j13653091200000284x, doi101111j13653091200400649x, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi1023073514674, doi1023073514964, doi1023073514973, doi105860choice273305, doi105860choice295709, doi105860choice332752, doi105860choice393984, doi107312lock90868, openalexw114509570, openalexw39955589, openalexw603337959"
}

This paper summarizes debates, among European geologists in the early nineteenth century, about the possible equivalence (or non-equivalence) between the biblical account of Noah's Flood, and new and cumulative evidence for an exceptional watery catastrophe or ‘geological deluge’ in very recent Earth history. The ‘diluvial theory’ deserves to be taken seriously as an attempted explanation of some extremely puzzling physical features (many of them reinterpreted later as traces of a glacial ‘catastrophe’ or Ice Age). The ‘geological deluge’ was eventually recognized as having been far earlier in Earth history than any event recorded by literate human societies. Among geologists, although not always among the wider public, this gradual dissociation between biblical Flood and geological deluge was generally amicable, not acrimonious. It was facilitated by the concurrent development of biblical scholarship, which showed that earlier literalistic interpretations were no longer tenable (and were also destructive of religious meaning). What was transposed into geology in the course of these debates was the strong Judaeo-Christian sense that the world has had a directional and contingent history, which might have been punctuated by occasional catastrophic events.

@article{doi101144sp31013,
    author = "Rudwick, M.",
    title = "Biblical Flood and geological deluge: the amicable dissociation of geology and Genesis",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Geological Society, London, Special Publications",
    abstract = "This paper summarizes debates, among European geologists in the early nineteenth century, about the possible equivalence (or non-equivalence) between the biblical account of Noah's Flood, and new and cumulative evidence for an exceptional watery catastrophe or ‘geological deluge’ in very recent Earth history. The ‘diluvial theory’ deserves to be taken seriously as an attempted explanation of some extremely puzzling physical features (many of them reinterpreted later as traces of a glacial ‘catastrophe’ or Ice Age). The ‘geological deluge’ was eventually recognized as having been far earlier in Earth history than any event recorded by literate human societies. Among geologists, although not always among the wider public, this gradual dissociation between biblical Flood and geological deluge was generally amicable, not acrimonious. It was facilitated by the concurrent development of biblical scholarship, which showed that earlier literalistic interpretations were no longer tenable (and were also destructive of religious meaning). What was transposed into geology in the course of these debates was the strong Judaeo-Christian sense that the world has had a directional and contingent history, which might have been punctuated by occasional catastrophic events.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fa133e2f27834dd4b961671a439ae3610bdd85f1",
    doi = "10.1144/SP310.13",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "103-110",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "9",
    semanticscholar_id = "fa133e2f27834dd4b961671a439ae3610bdd85f1",
    volume = "310"
}

Abstract Four of the Geological Society's 13 founders were medical men: William Babington, James Parkinson, James Franck and James Laird, the Society's first Secretary. All were physicians and mineralogists except Parkinson, an apothecary surgeon and fossilist. At least 20 percent of the Society's early members were also medical practitioners whose prime interest was mineralogy. The subject was taught as part of medical training, required as it was in the fabrication of medicines, thus medical men were drawn into mineralogy and on into geology. In 1805 a number of medical practitioners broke away from the constraints of their parent body, the Medical Society of London, to form the Medical and Chirurgical Society, which became a role model for the young Geological Society when challenged by its parent body, the Royal Society. Driven by wealthy mineral collectors and patrons of science like Charles Greville, one reason – perhaps the reason – for founding the Society was to map the mineralogical history of Britain. Towards this endeavour, Babington's expertise in mineralogy brought people together, Laird organized them and Parkinson was invited because he was not a mineralogist. Franck was unable to participate significantly, being away at war for much of the time. The contribution made to the founding of the Geological Society by each of the medical founders is examined, and a biographical sketch of each man reveals the close relationship between medicine and the emergence of this new science of geology.

@article{doi101144sp3172,
    author = "Lewis, Cherry",
    title = "Doctoring geology: the medical origins of the Geological Society",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Four of the Geological Society's 13 founders were medical men: William Babington, James Parkinson, James Franck and James Laird, the Society's first Secretary. All were physicians and mineralogists except Parkinson, an apothecary surgeon and fossilist. At least 20 percent of the Society's early members were also medical practitioners whose prime interest was mineralogy. The subject was taught as part of medical training, required as it was in the fabrication of medicines, thus medical men were drawn into mineralogy and on into geology. In 1805 a number of medical practitioners broke away from the constraints of their parent body, the Medical Society of London, to form the Medical and Chirurgical Society, which became a role model for the young Geological Society when challenged by its parent body, the Royal Society. Driven by wealthy mineral collectors and patrons of science like Charles Greville, one reason – perhaps the reason – for founding the Society was to map the mineralogical history of Britain. Towards this endeavour, Babington's expertise in mineralogy brought people together, Laird organized them and Parkinson was invited because he was not a mineralogist. Franck was unable to participate significantly, being away at war for much of the time. The contribution made to the founding of the Geological Society by each of the medical founders is examined, and a biographical sketch of each man reveals the close relationship between medicine and the emergence of this new science of geology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp317.2",
    doi = "10.1144/sp317.2",
    openalex = "W2009544785",
    references = "doi101144sp3175"
}

Abstract Special attention was paid to geology and mineralogy in the German countries around 1800. Following the final decades of the eighteenth century, during which an essential understanding of the natural history of the Earth was gained, geology developed into an independent science. Mining was dependent on geological findings, which in turn promoted geology. This process was driven by lecturers in the mining academies founded at that time, mining civil servants, university professors and also by private scholars. In this process, the Mining Academy of Freiberg, at which German and foreign students took their degrees, was of great importance. Abraham Gottlob Werner worked there as a lecturer who combined geological findings – based on his theory of Neptunism – into one systematic doctrine, imparting his ideas to many students over decades. These students became successful mining and metallurgy officials in the first years of the nineteenth century, and professors of geology and mineralogy at universities in Germany and abroad. During the same period, Leopold von Buch and Alexander von Humboldt contributed to the consolidation of geology as a natural science in Germany. Leopold von Buch had not only recognized the task of developing historical geology; he himself made important contributions to the stratigraphy of the Mesozoic and to palaeontology. The term ‘guide fossil’ was established by him. His coloured geological map of Western and Central Europe, published in 1826 and with five editions up to 1843, met with great approval.

@article{doi101144sp3179,
    author = "Guntau, Martin",
    title = "The rise of geology as a science in Germany around 1800",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Special attention was paid to geology and mineralogy in the German countries around 1800. Following the final decades of the eighteenth century, during which an essential understanding of the natural history of the Earth was gained, geology developed into an independent science. Mining was dependent on geological findings, which in turn promoted geology. This process was driven by lecturers in the mining academies founded at that time, mining civil servants, university professors and also by private scholars. In this process, the Mining Academy of Freiberg, at which German and foreign students took their degrees, was of great importance. Abraham Gottlob Werner worked there as a lecturer who combined geological findings – based on his theory of Neptunism – into one systematic doctrine, imparting his ideas to many students over decades. These students became successful mining and metallurgy officials in the first years of the nineteenth century, and professors of geology and mineralogy at universities in Germany and abroad. During the same period, Leopold von Buch and Alexander von Humboldt contributed to the consolidation of geology as a natural science in Germany. Leopold von Buch had not only recognized the task of developing historical geology; he himself made important contributions to the stratigraphy of the Mesozoic and to palaeontology. The term ‘guide fossil’ was established by him. His coloured geological map of Western and Central Europe, published in 1826 and with five editions up to 1843, met with great approval.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp317.9",
    doi = "10.1144/sp317.9",
    openalex = "W1971653928",
    references = "doi101144sp3175"
}

Trace fossils on sauropod skeletons from a quarry in fluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation, Wyoming, are used to reconstruct the taphonomic history of the dinosaur bone accumulation. Shallow pits; rosettes; hemispherical pits; thin, curvilinear, branching grooves; and U- to V-shaped linear grooves make up trace fossils found on sauropod skeletons. The traces were interpreted by comparisons to traces on modern bone. Rosettes are circular rings of modified bone and are likely an early stage in the production of shallow pits. They are interpreted as pupation chambers constructed in dried flesh in contact with sauropod bone. Hemispherical pits are circular with a U-shaped cross section and interpreted as dermestid pupation chambers completed in sauropod bone. Thin, curvilinear, branching grooves are semicircular in cross section, form irregular dendritic or looping patterns, and are interpreted as root etchings. U- to V-shaped linear grooves are interpreted as theropod or crocodilian bite marks. Skeletal articulation and condition and distribution of bone modification traces suggest the skeletons accumulated at this site over no more than 3.5 years, with the bulk of the skeletons contributed during the dry season in the final 3–6 months. Carcasses went through all stages of decomposition—including the dry stage, represented by shallow pits, rosettes, and hemispherical pits. Vertebrate scavengers and necrophagous arthropods fed on the carcasses during all decomposition stages prior to burial of the assemblage.

@article{doi102110palo2008p08058r,
    author = "Bader, Kenneth and Hasiotis, Stephen T. and Martin, L.",
    title = "APPLICATION OF FORENSIC SCIENCE TECHNIQUES TO TRACE FOSSILS ON DINOSAUR BONES FROM A QUARRY IN THE UPPER JURASSIC MORRISON FORMATION, NORTHEASTERN WYOMING",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "Trace fossils on sauropod skeletons from a quarry in fluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation, Wyoming, are used to reconstruct the taphonomic history of the dinosaur bone accumulation. Shallow pits; rosettes; hemispherical pits; thin, curvilinear, branching grooves; and U- to V-shaped linear grooves make up trace fossils found on sauropod skeletons. The traces were interpreted by comparisons to traces on modern bone. Rosettes are circular rings of modified bone and are likely an early stage in the production of shallow pits. They are interpreted as pupation chambers constructed in dried flesh in contact with sauropod bone. Hemispherical pits are circular with a U-shaped cross section and interpreted as dermestid pupation chambers completed in sauropod bone. Thin, curvilinear, branching grooves are semicircular in cross section, form irregular dendritic or looping patterns, and are interpreted as root etchings. U- to V-shaped linear grooves are interpreted as theropod or crocodilian bite marks. Skeletal articulation and condition and distribution of bone modification traces suggest the skeletons accumulated at this site over no more than 3.5 years, with the bulk of the skeletons contributed during the dry season in the final 3–6 months. Carcasses went through all stages of decomposition—including the dry stage, represented by shallow pits, rosettes, and hemispherical pits. Vertebrate scavengers and necrophagous arthropods fed on the carcasses during all decomposition stages prior to burial of the assemblage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2008.p08-058r",
    doi = "10.2110/palo.2008.p08-058r",
    openalex = "W2123312488",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo200401003, doi101016s0031018202006892"
}

This paper summarizes debates, among European geologists in the early nineteenth century, about the possible equivalence (or non-equivalence) between the biblical account of Noah's Flood, and new and cumulative evidence for an exceptional watery catastrophe or ‘geological deluge’ in very recent Earth history. The ‘diluvial theory’ deserves to be taken seriously as an attempted explanation of some extremely puzzling physical features (many of them reinterpreted later as traces of a glacial ‘catastrophe’ or Ice Age). The ‘geological deluge’ was eventually recognized as having been far earlier in Earth history than any event recorded by literate human societies. Among geologists, although not always among the wider public, this gradual dissociation between biblical Flood and geological deluge was generally amicable, not acrimonious. It was facilitated by the concurrent development of biblical scholarship, which showed that earlier literalistic interpretations were no longer tenable (and were also destructive of religious meaning). What was transposed into geology in the course of these debates was the strong Judaeo-Christian sense that the world has had a directional and contingent history, which might have been punctuated by occasional catastrophic events.

@article{rudwick2009biblical,
    author = "Rudwick, Martin J. S.",
    title = "Biblical Flood and geological deluge: the amicable dissociation of geology and Genesis",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Geological Society, London, Special Publications",
    abstract = "This paper summarizes debates, among European geologists in the early nineteenth century, about the possible equivalence (or non-equivalence) between the biblical account of Noah's Flood, and new and cumulative evidence for an exceptional watery catastrophe or ‘geological deluge’ in very recent Earth history. The ‘diluvial theory’ deserves to be taken seriously as an attempted explanation of some extremely puzzling physical features (many of them reinterpreted later as traces of a glacial ‘catastrophe’ or Ice Age). The ‘geological deluge’ was eventually recognized as having been far earlier in Earth history than any event recorded by literate human societies. Among geologists, although not always among the wider public, this gradual dissociation between biblical Flood and geological deluge was generally amicable, not acrimonious. It was facilitated by the concurrent development of biblical scholarship, which showed that earlier literalistic interpretations were no longer tenable (and were also destructive of religious meaning). What was transposed into geology in the course of these debates was the strong Judaeo-Christian sense that the world has had a directional and contingent history, which might have been punctuated by occasional catastrophic events.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp310.13",
    doi = "10.1144/sp310.13",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2146967835",
    pages = "103-110",
    volume = "310",
    references = "doi101016016093279290009e, doi101017cbo9780511585524, doi1023072738394, doi1023073260644, doi105860choice291061, doi105860choice294459, doi105860choice440326, doi107208chicago97802267310870010001, doi107208chicago97802267311480010001, doi107208chicago97802267313080010001"
}

The dominance of ants in the terrestrial biosphere has few equals among animals today, but this was not always the case. The oldest ants appear in the fossil record 100 million years ago, but given the scarcity of their fossils, it is presumed they were relatively minor components of Mesozoic insect life. The ant fossil record consists of two primary types of fossils, each with inherent biases: as imprints in rock and as inclusions in fossilized resins (amber). New imaging technology allows ancient ant fossils to be examined in ways never before possible. This is particularly helpful because it can be difficult to distinguish true ants from non-ants in Mesozoic fossils. Fossil discoveries continue to inform our understanding of ancient ant morphological diversity, as well as provide insights into their paleobiology.

@article{doi101146annurevento120710100600,
    author = "LaPolla, John S. and Dlussky, G. M. and Perrichot, Vincent",
    title = "Ants and the Fossil Record",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Annual Review of Entomology",
    abstract = "The dominance of ants in the terrestrial biosphere has few equals among animals today, but this was not always the case. The oldest ants appear in the fossil record 100 million years ago, but given the scarcity of their fossils, it is presumed they were relatively minor components of Mesozoic insect life. The ant fossil record consists of two primary types of fossils, each with inherent biases: as imprints in rock and as inclusions in fossilized resins (amber). New imaging technology allows ancient ant fossils to be examined in ways never before possible. This is particularly helpful because it can be difficult to distinguish true ants from non-ants in Mesozoic fossils. Fossil discoveries continue to inform our understanding of ancient ant morphological diversity, as well as provide insights into their paleobiology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100600",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100600",
    openalex = "W2123712267",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo200401006, doi101016jsedgeo200611007, doi105479si00963801492119469"
}

@article{doi101007s125490110068y,
    author = "Reisdorf, Achim G. and Wuttke, Michael",
    title = "Re-evaluating Moodie’s Opisthotonic-Posture Hypothesis in Fossil Vertebrates Part I: Reptiles—the taphonomy of the bipedal dinosaurs Compsognathus longipes and Juravenator starki from the Solnhofen Archipelago (Jurassic, Germany)",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-011-0068-y",
    doi = "10.1007/s12549-011-0068-y",
    openalex = "W2086395803",
    references = "doi1010079783662087268, doi101016s0379073800003765, doi101111j10963642200700269x, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101130g23452a1, doi10230730135049, doi105860choice284524, doi105860choice295709, doi105860choice423437, openalexw1552105298, openalexw1590447055, openalexw1608336037, openalexw2103810229"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201203032,
    author = "Backwell, Lucinda and Parkinson, Alexander H. and Roberts, Eric M. and d’Errico, Francesco and Huchet, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "Criteria for identifying bone modification by termites in the fossil record",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.032",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.032",
    openalex = "W2064626315",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo200401006"
}

Here I report a biostratigraphic analysis of 303 genera from 28 North American terrestrial mammalian families, in which all families contain members that are either extant or last appear in Pliocene or Pleistocene deposits. The distribution of these taxa within the Cenozoic rock record is used to evaluate proposed demarcations for the Flood/post-Flood boundary. A pronounced biostratigraphic break is expected at the Flood/post-Flood boundary since the final devastation and burial of pre-Flood nephesh creatures should be stratigraphically overlain by the arrival of post-Flood migrants. It is found that when the Flood/post-Flood boundary is placed at or near the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, then a significant number of mammalian genera (23%), and nearly every family (>96%), crosses this boundary. Because numerous boundary-crossing taxa would have to migrate from their North American pre-Flood habitats to board the Ark and return to their same continent of origin in the post-Flood world, it is unlikely that the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary reflects the Flood/post-Flood boundary. Rather, the Flood/post-Flood boundary should be located below the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, at a geological location with a more pronounced biostratigraphic break.

@article{openalexw2155451981,
    author = "Ross, Marcus R.",
    title = "Evaluating potential post-Flood boundaries with biostratigraphy—the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary",
    year = "2012",
    abstract = "Here I report a biostratigraphic analysis of 303 genera from 28 North American terrestrial mammalian families, in which all families contain members that are either extant or last appear in Pliocene or Pleistocene deposits. The distribution of these taxa within the Cenozoic rock record is used to evaluate proposed demarcations for the Flood/post-Flood boundary. A pronounced biostratigraphic break is expected at the Flood/post-Flood boundary since the final devastation and burial of pre-Flood nephesh creatures should be stratigraphically overlain by the arrival of post-Flood migrants. It is found that when the Flood/post-Flood boundary is placed at or near the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, then a significant number of mammalian genera (23\%), and nearly every family (>96\%), crosses this boundary. Because numerous boundary-crossing taxa would have to migrate from their North American pre-Flood habitats to board the Ark and return to their same continent of origin in the post-Flood world, it is unlikely that the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary reflects the Flood/post-Flood boundary. Rather, the Flood/post-Flood boundary should be located below the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, at a geological location with a more pronounced biostratigraphic break.",
    openalex = "W2155451981",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511529924, doi101130gsab521, doi1023073515443, doi104324978020380129188, openalexw164998604, openalexw2187723058, openalexw2965328582, openalexw3092267784, openalexw3093356675"
}

@article{doi101111ede12017,
    author = "Raff, R.",
    title = "Genesis meets geology. A review of the rocks don't lie; a geologist investigates Noah's flood, by David R. Montgomery",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Evolution \& Development",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/eaae5a376f5735007d3ecc6d031f95665a900a4d",
    doi = "10.1111/EDE.12017",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "83-84",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "eaae5a376f5735007d3ecc6d031f95665a900a4d",
    volume = "15"
}

Dr Marcus Ross’s recent article on the location of the Flood/post-Flood boundary is based on problematic paleontological data provided by secular paleontologists. His conclusion that the only significant paleontological discontinuity is at or near the K/T boundary is disputable, as are its three underlying assumptions. Geological arguments are preferred, being clearer and more objective. Fourteen criteria, mostly geological, indicate that the end-Flood boundary is in the Late Cenozoic, and examples include the Messinian salinity crisis ‘evaporites’, the Absaroka Volcanics which contain the Yellowstone fossil ‘forests’, Miocene coal, sedimentary rocks in the Hanna Basin of Wyoming and the incredible South Caspian Basin, the erosion of the valley fill sedimentary rocks in the Bighorn Basin, the African planation surface, and the sheet transport of gravel off the south-central Asian mountains to surrounding basins.

@article{openalexw2405576294,
    author = "Oard, Michael J.",
    title = "Geology indicates the terrestrial Flood/ post-Flood boundary is mostly in the Late Cenozoic",
    year = "2013",
    abstract = "Dr Marcus Ross’s recent article on the location of the Flood/post-Flood boundary is based on problematic paleontological data provided by secular paleontologists. His conclusion that the only significant paleontological discontinuity is at or near the K/T boundary is disputable, as are its three underlying assumptions. Geological arguments are preferred, being clearer and more objective. Fourteen criteria, mostly geological, indicate that the end-Flood boundary is in the Late Cenozoic, and examples include the Messinian salinity crisis ‘evaporites’, the Absaroka Volcanics which contain the Yellowstone fossil ‘forests’, Miocene coal, sedimentary rocks in the Hanna Basin of Wyoming and the incredible South Caspian Basin, the erosion of the valley fill sedimentary rocks in the Bighorn Basin, the African planation surface, and the sheet transport of gravel off the south-central Asian mountains to surrounding basins.",
    openalex = "W2405576294",
    references = "openalexw2155451981, openalexw2187723058, openalexw81911982"
}

To help estimate the number and boundaries of created kinds (i.e., baramins) of flowering plants, the fossil record has been analyzed. To designate the status of baramin, a criterion is applied that tests whether some but not all of a group’s hierarchically immediate subgroups have a fossil record back to the Flood (accepted here as near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary). Because of the lag time in population size and dispersal immediately after the Flood, this record is considered established if the group has fossils in Lower Eocene or lower strata. The quality of the flowering plant fossil record was found to decrease significantly below a family size of 600 species. Therefore the criterion was modified to account for small families and groups that lack a fossil record but are sister groups of so designated baramins. Depending on the classification used, the method identified between 212 and 222 flowering plant baramins, mostly families and suborders but some orders. This corroborates other baraminological criteria and significantly lowers the taxonomic level designated in studies using the unmodified criterion. Different baramins appear to contain significantly different degrees of originally designed diversity versus post-Flood diversification.

@article{openalexw3091808798,
    author = "Sanders, Roger W.",
    title = "The Fossil Record of Angiosperm Families in Relation to Baraminology",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "To help estimate the number and boundaries of created kinds (i.e., baramins) of flowering plants, the fossil record has been analyzed. To designate the status of baramin, a criterion is applied that tests whether some but not all of a group’s hierarchically immediate subgroups have a fossil record back to the Flood (accepted here as near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary). Because of the lag time in population size and dispersal immediately after the Flood, this record is considered established if the group has fossils in Lower Eocene or lower strata. The quality of the flowering plant fossil record was found to decrease significantly below a family size of 600 species. Therefore the criterion was modified to account for small families and groups that lack a fossil record but are sister groups of so designated baramins. Depending on the classification used, the method identified between 212 and 222 flowering plant baramins, mostly families and suborders but some orders. This corroborates other baraminological criteria and significantly lowers the taxonomic level designated in studies using the unmodified criterion. Different baramins appear to contain significantly different degrees of originally designed diversity versus post-Flood diversification.",
    openalex = "W3091808798",
    references = "doi101007bf02860537, doi101007bf02861558, doi101016s0031018200002017, doi101093oso97801951134260010001, doi101111boj12385, doi1023071222465, openalexw1599677799, openalexw164998604, openalexw2155451981, openalexw2187723058, openalexw3042587460, openalexw3093356675, openalexw81911982"
}

If modern species descended from “two of every kind” aboard Noah’s Ark, as creationists commonly assert, then intrabaraminic diversification and speciation must have been extremely rapid. Although there has been limited creationist research on the genetic component of the speciation mechanism, a simple means of gaining insight into possible molecular mechanisms related to speciation is to evaluate the molecular diversity of known baramins, especially those with ancient DNA (aDNA) sequences recovered from extinct taxa, which can give us a window to the genetic diversity of a baramin soon after the Flood. Here, published mitochondrial DNA sequences from members of three baramins (Equidae, Felidae, and Canidae) are evaluated. For each group, the results show that the diversity of the aDNA sequences fall within the range of modern sequences, thus implying that the modern sequence diversity must have already been established by the time the fossils were formed soon after the Flood. Comparisons to outgroups also indicate that transversion substitutions might be a means of distinguishing different baramins.

@article{openalexw3092110765,
    author = "Wood, Todd",
    title = "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Three Terrestrial Mammal Baramins (Equidae, Felidae, and Canidae) Implies an Accelerated Mutation Rate Near the Time of the Flood",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "DigitalCommons-Cedarville (Cedarville University)",
    abstract = "If modern species descended from “two of every kind” aboard Noah’s Ark, as creationists commonly assert, then intrabaraminic diversification and speciation must have been extremely rapid. Although there has been limited creationist research on the genetic component of the speciation mechanism, a simple means of gaining insight into possible molecular mechanisms related to speciation is to evaluate the molecular diversity of known baramins, especially those with ancient DNA (aDNA) sequences recovered from extinct taxa, which can give us a window to the genetic diversity of a baramin soon after the Flood. Here, published mitochondrial DNA sequences from members of three baramins (Equidae, Felidae, and Canidae) are evaluated. For each group, the results show that the diversity of the aDNA sequences fall within the range of modern sequences, thus implying that the modern sequence diversity must have already been established by the time the fossils were formed soon after the Flood. Comparisons to outgroups also indicate that transversion substitutions might be a means of distinguishing different baramins.",
    openalex = "W3092110765",
    references = "openalexw2187723058, openalexw2286872756"
}

Abstract Fossil tracks represent a direct window onto the lives of extinct organisms, being formed and preserved in situ. Because track morphology is determined by limb motion, foot anatomy and substrate consistency, studies of fossil tracks can provide insight into producer, behaviour and palaeoenvironment. However, each determining factor is subject to variation, either continuous or discrete, and this variation may be co‐dependent, making it difficult to correctly interpret a track. In addition to variance from the track‐forming variables, tracks and tracksites are subject to further obfuscation because of time averaging, even before the effects of weathering, erosion and exposure are accounted for. This paper presents a discussion of the factors that may confound interpretation of fossil tracks, trackways and tracksites, and reviews experimental studies that have attempted to elucidate and eliminate these sources of confusion.

@article{doi101111jzo12110,
    author = "Falkingham, Peter",
    title = "Interpreting ecology and behaviour from the vertebrate fossil track record",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Abstract Fossil tracks represent a direct window onto the lives of extinct organisms, being formed and preserved in situ. Because track morphology is determined by limb motion, foot anatomy and substrate consistency, studies of fossil tracks can provide insight into producer, behaviour and palaeoenvironment. However, each determining factor is subject to variation, either continuous or discrete, and this variation may be co‐dependent, making it difficult to correctly interpret a track. In addition to variance from the track‐forming variables, tracks and tracksites are subject to further obfuscation because of time averaging, even before the effects of weathering, erosion and exposure are accounted for. This paper presents a discussion of the factors that may confound interpretation of fossil tracks, trackways and tracksites, and reviews experimental studies that have attempted to elucidate and eliminate these sources of confusion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12110",
    doi = "10.1111/jzo.12110",
    openalex = "W1667159910",
    references = "coombs1980swimming, doi101002ajpa22276, doi1010079789400904095, doi1010160031018272900491, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101016s001669958880038x, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10103820167, doi101038261129a0, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101098rstb19920051, doi101098rstb19970035, doi101130g23452a1, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101371journalpone0004591, doi1023073514816, doi1023073514964, doi1026879264, openalexw1592791648, openalexw2294506137, remondino20103d"
}

@article{openalexw2549351881,
    author = "Arment, Chad",
    title = "Fossil snakes and the Flood boundary in",
    year = "2014",
    openalex = "W2549351881",
    references = "openalexw2155451981"
}

@misc{s23f52c508c50f996b4cdfc1d96c2cda71d5ec60b4,
    author = "Baumgardner, J.",
    title = "Catastrophic plate tectonics: the geophysical context of the Genesis Flood",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3f52c508c50f996b4cdfc1d96c2cda71d5ec60b4",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_id = "3f52c508c50f996b4cdfc1d96c2cda71d5ec60b4"
}

Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and ≥5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and rhenium-osmium dating suggests that the older (Sturtian) glacial onset and both terminations were globally synchronous. Geochemical data imply that CO 2 was 10 2 PAL (present atmospheric level) at the younger termination, consistent with a global ice cover. Sturtian glaciation followed breakup of a tropical supercontinent, and its onset coincided with the equatorial emplacement of a large igneous province. Modeling shows that the small thermal inertia of a globally frozen surface reverses the annual mean tropical atmospheric circulation, producing an equatorial desert and net snow and frost accumulation elsewhere. Oceanic ice thickens, forming a sea glacier that flows gravitationally toward the equator, sustained by the hydrologic cycle and by basal freezing and melting. Tropical ice sheets flow faster as CO 2 rises but lose mass and become sensitive to orbital changes. Equatorial dust accumulation engenders supraglacial oligotrophic meltwater ecosystems, favorable for cyanobacteria and certain eukaryotes. Meltwater flushing through cracks enables organic burial and submarine deposition of airborne volcanic ash. The subglacial ocean is turbulent and well mixed, in response to geothermal heating and heat loss through the ice cover, increasing with latitude. Terminal carbonate deposits, unique to Cryogenian glaciations, are products of intense weathering and ocean stratification. Whole-ocean warming and collapsing peripheral bulges allow marine coastal flooding to continue long after ice-sheet disappearance. The evolutionary legacy of Snowball Earth is perceptible in fossils and living organisms.

@article{doi101126sciadv1600983,
    author = "Hoffman, Paul F. and Abbot, Dorian S. and Ashkenazy, Yosef and Benn, Douglas I. and Brocks, Jochen J. and Cohen, Phoebe and Cox, Grant M. and Creveling, Jessica R. and Donnadieu, Yannick and Erwin, Douglas H. and Fairchild, Ian J. and Ferreira, David and Goodman, Jason and Halverson, Galen P. and Jansen, Malte and Hir, Guillaume Le and Love, Gordon D. and Macdonald, Francis A. and Maloof, Adam C. and Partin, Camille A. and Ramstein, Gilles and Rose, Brian E. J. and Rose, Catherine and Sadler, Peter M. and Tziperman, Eli and Voigt, Aiko and Warren, Stephen G.",
    title = "Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = "Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and ≥5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and rhenium-osmium dating suggests that the older (Sturtian) glacial onset and both terminations were globally synchronous. Geochemical data imply that CO 2 was 10 2 PAL (present atmospheric level) at the younger termination, consistent with a global ice cover. Sturtian glaciation followed breakup of a tropical supercontinent, and its onset coincided with the equatorial emplacement of a large igneous province. Modeling shows that the small thermal inertia of a globally frozen surface reverses the annual mean tropical atmospheric circulation, producing an equatorial desert and net snow and frost accumulation elsewhere. Oceanic ice thickens, forming a sea glacier that flows gravitationally toward the equator, sustained by the hydrologic cycle and by basal freezing and melting. Tropical ice sheets flow faster as CO 2 rises but lose mass and become sensitive to orbital changes. Equatorial dust accumulation engenders supraglacial oligotrophic meltwater ecosystems, favorable for cyanobacteria and certain eukaryotes. Meltwater flushing through cracks enables organic burial and submarine deposition of airborne volcanic ash. The subglacial ocean is turbulent and well mixed, in response to geothermal heating and heat loss through the ice cover, increasing with latitude. Terminal carbonate deposits, unique to Cryogenian glaciations, are products of intense weathering and ocean stratification. Whole-ocean warming and collapsing peripheral bulges allow marine coastal flooding to continue long after ice-sheet disappearance. The evolutionary legacy of Snowball Earth is perceptible in fossils and living organisms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600983",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.1600983",
    openalex = "W2752695001",
    references = "doi101002jame20015, doi101016030442039500008f, doi101016b9780123705181500096, doi101016jchemgeo200606016, doi101016jprecamres200704021, doi101016s0009254103001992, doi10102993pa02200, doi101029jc086ic10p09776, doi101038231498a0, doi101038nature05682, doi101038nature09810, doi101038nature11445, doi101038ngeo934, doi101046j13653121200200408x, doi101073pnas0400522101, doi101073pnas0600999103, doi101086628623, doi101111brv12090, doi101111gbi12165, doi101111j215334901969tb00466x, doi101126science1107765, doi101126science1183325, doi101126science1206375, doi101126science1208336, doi101126science28153811342, doi101130001676061974851869gsaavt20co2, doi101130b263281, doi101130b302811, doi101130b307891, doi101130g205191, doi101146annurevfluid36050802122121, doi1011751520046919670240241teotaw20co2, doi1013060bda5c3616bd11d78645000102c1865d, doi102110jsr2008058, doi102110palo2003p0396, doi102113gselements9119, doi10247510200701, openalexw45631376, wright1978algal"
}

This article explores the retellings of and interactions with the biblical account of Noah and the flood (Gen 6–9) in modern literature. The four novels under scrutiny range from children’s literature, via young adult fiction, to mainstream fiction. They also represent diverse traditions and perspectives: from markedly Jewish or Christian perspectives to more secular viewpoints. The article investigates how these novels fill in narrative gaps and provide the key dramatis personae with personality, background, and motivation for their actions. It also looks at how the novels respond to theological problems that the biblical account raises. Why did God decide to send the flood? Why were Noah and his family spared from the destruction? Did Noah preach repentance/intercede while building the ark? Finally, it notes how several of the novels engage with extra-biblical texts (e.g., the Gilgamesh Epic, the book of Enoch) in order to produce a coherent and involving plot.

@article{tiemeyer2017retelling,
    author = "Tiemeyer, Lena-Sofia",
    title = "Retelling Noah and the Flood: A Fictional Encounter with Genesis 6-9",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Relegere: Studies in Religion and Reception",
    abstract = "This article explores the retellings of and interactions with the biblical account of Noah and the flood (Gen 6–9) in modern literature. The four novels under scrutiny range from children’s literature, via young adult fiction, to mainstream fiction. They also represent diverse traditions and perspectives: from markedly Jewish or Christian perspectives to more secular viewpoints. The article investigates how these novels fill in narrative gaps and provide the key dramatis personae with personality, background, and motivation for their actions. It also looks at how the novels respond to theological problems that the biblical account raises. Why did God decide to send the flood? Why were Noah and his family spared from the destruction? Did Noah preach repentance/intercede while building the ark? Finally, it notes how several of the novels engage with extra-biblical texts (e.g., the Gilgamesh Epic, the book of Enoch) in order to produce a coherent and involving plot.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.11157/rsrr6-2-706",
    doi = "10.11157/rsrr6-2-706",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2613063675",
    volume = "6"
}

The geologic column has been under the scrutiny of numerous creationists for many decades. Critics have claimed the column is intimately tied to the evolutionary worldview and deep time, and cannot be trusted or used by creation scientists. Other creation scientists have argued that the geologic column, although incomplete at most locations, can provide useful correlations of rocks and fossils across the globe. This paper examines the sedimentary rocks across three continents in an attempt to test the validity of the global geologic column. We attempted to assess the data primarily from a lithologic viewpoint, and as independent of the fossil data as possible. To accomplish this, we constructed a new data set of over 1500 local, stratigraphic columns across three continents, recording the detailed lithologic information and Sloss-type megasequence boundaries at each site. A detailed 3-D lithology model was created for each continent using the local columns. We also constructed maps of the basal lithology for each megasequence. Unique lithologic units, like salt and chert-rich layers were also tracked from column to column. Results show extensive lithologic units (i.e. blanket sandstones) covered portions of every continent and are correlative across vast regions and even continent to continent. The correlation of these stacked basal megasequence units, and other unique lithologies (i.e. salt and chert layers) within the megasequences, confirm the validity of the geologic column on a global scale. The observable pattern in the fossil record further confirms these findings. Indeed, a global Flood could produce globally extensive, stacked lithologic units on an intercontinental scale. Creationists should not be critical of the geologic column, but embrace it as evidence of a global Flood event.

@article{doi1015385jpicc20188131,
    author = "Clarey, Timothy L. and Werner, Davis",
    title = "Global stratigraphy and the fossil record validate a Flood origin for the geologic column",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism/Proceedings of the ... International Conference on Creationism",
    abstract = "The geologic column has been under the scrutiny of numerous creationists for many decades. Critics have claimed the column is intimately tied to the evolutionary worldview and deep time, and cannot be trusted or used by creation scientists. Other creation scientists have argued that the geologic column, although incomplete at most locations, can provide useful correlations of rocks and fossils across the globe. This paper examines the sedimentary rocks across three continents in an attempt to test the validity of the global geologic column. We attempted to assess the data primarily from a lithologic viewpoint, and as independent of the fossil data as possible. To accomplish this, we constructed a new data set of over 1500 local, stratigraphic columns across three continents, recording the detailed lithologic information and Sloss-type megasequence boundaries at each site. A detailed 3-D lithology model was created for each continent using the local columns. We also constructed maps of the basal lithology for each megasequence. Unique lithologic units, like salt and chert-rich layers were also tracked from column to column. Results show extensive lithologic units (i.e. blanket sandstones) covered portions of every continent and are correlative across vast regions and even continent to continent. The correlation of these stacked basal megasequence units, and other unique lithologies (i.e. salt and chert layers) within the megasequences, confirm the validity of the geologic column on a global scale. The observable pattern in the fossil record further confirms these findings. Indeed, a global Flood could produce globally extensive, stacked lithologic units on an intercontinental scale. Creationists should not be critical of the geologic column, but embrace it as evidence of a global Flood event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.15385/jpicc.2018.8.1.31",
    doi = "10.15385/jpicc.2018.8.1.31",
    openalex = "W2904403475",
    references = "openalexw2556408342, openalexw3092008185"
}

@article{doi10100797830302331507,
    author = "Brückner, H. and Engel, Max",
    title = "Noah’s Flood—Probing an Ancient Narrative Using Geoscience",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Geography of the Physical Environment",
    booktitle = "Geography of the Physical Environment",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/62b3c02aafe4e468008cbb3edbc64cb14a4bac80",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-030-23315-0\_7",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "135-151",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "8",
    semanticscholar_id = "62b3c02aafe4e468008cbb3edbc64cb14a4bac80"
}

ABSTRACT This essay reads the Flood narrative of Genesis 6–8 as a myth for the geological present. Discussions of the Anthropocene have turned in part on questions about the relationship between life and the nonliving world. Here, I assess Dipesh Chakrabarty’s interventions in those discussions, especially his celebrated essay on ‘The Climate of History,’ in the light of recent Earth system science. I counterpose Chakrabarty’s account of the life/world relationship to the version of the Flood story recounted in the Yahwistic source of Genesis. The Yahwist envisages a primordial complicity between the organic and the telluric. I examine the Yahwist’s narrative in detail, focusing in particular on the motif of the dove whose disappearance shows that the deluge has abated. The Flood myth might provide a starting point for an environmental politics that goes beyond a ‘green’ concern for the biosphere to a concern with the Earth system itself.

@article{doi1010801468841720191706611,
    author = "Davies, J.",
    title = "Noah’s Dove: The Anthropocene, the Earth System and Genesis 8:8–12",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Green Letters",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT This essay reads the Flood narrative of Genesis 6–8 as a myth for the geological present. Discussions of the Anthropocene have turned in part on questions about the relationship between life and the nonliving world. Here, I assess Dipesh Chakrabarty’s interventions in those discussions, especially his celebrated essay on ‘The Climate of History,’ in the light of recent Earth system science. I counterpose Chakrabarty’s account of the life/world relationship to the version of the Flood story recounted in the Yahwistic source of Genesis. The Yahwist envisages a primordial complicity between the organic and the telluric. I examine the Yahwist’s narrative in detail, focusing in particular on the motif of the dove whose disappearance shows that the deluge has abated. The Flood myth might provide a starting point for an environmental politics that goes beyond a ‘green’ concern for the biosphere to a concern with the Earth system itself.",
    url = "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/148531/3/Noah\%27s\%20Dove\%20\%28revised\%29.pdf",
    doi = "10.1080/14688417.2019.1706611",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "337-349",
    semanticscholar_id = "9eafd1cd1b0a03fbc9442a4398a609a0223232d8",
    volume = "23"
}

@article{s20d49d2e4704e883e22f381e461435ff1a40aa478,
    author = "Worraker, W.",
    title = "Heat Problems Associated With Genesis Flood Models — Part 2 . Secondary Temperature Indicators",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0d49d2e4704e883e22f381e461435ff1a40aa478",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "0d49d2e4704e883e22f381e461435ff1a40aa478"
}

Abstract Larger body size has long been assumed to correlate with greater risk of extinction, helping to shape body-size distributions across the tree of life, but a lack of comprehensive size data for fossil taxa has left this hypothesis untested for most higher taxa across the vast majority of evolutionary time. Here we assess the relationship between body size and extinction using a data set comprising the body sizes, stratigraphic ranges, and occurrence patterns of 9408 genera of fossil marine animals spanning eight Linnaean classes across the past 485 Myr. We find that preferential extinction of smaller-bodied genera within classes is substantially more common than expected due to chance and that there is little evidence for preferential extinction of larger-bodied genera. Using a capture–mark–recapture analysis, we find that this size bias of extinction persists even after accounting for a pervasive bias against the sampling of smaller-bodied genera within classes. The size bias in extinction also persists after including geographic range as an additional predictor of extinction, indicating that correlation between body size and geographic range does not provide a simple explanation for the association between size and extinction. Regardless of the underlying causes, the preferential extinction of smaller-bodied genera across many higher taxa and most of geologic time indicates that the selective loss of large-bodied animals is the exception, rather than the rule, in the evolution of marine animals.

@article{doi101017pab201943,
    author = "Payne, Jonathan L. and Heim, Noel A.",
    title = "Body size, sampling completeness, and extinction risk in the marine fossil record",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Abstract Larger body size has long been assumed to correlate with greater risk of extinction, helping to shape body-size distributions across the tree of life, but a lack of comprehensive size data for fossil taxa has left this hypothesis untested for most higher taxa across the vast majority of evolutionary time. Here we assess the relationship between body size and extinction using a data set comprising the body sizes, stratigraphic ranges, and occurrence patterns of 9408 genera of fossil marine animals spanning eight Linnaean classes across the past 485 Myr. We find that preferential extinction of smaller-bodied genera within classes is substantially more common than expected due to chance and that there is little evidence for preferential extinction of larger-bodied genera. Using a capture–mark–recapture analysis, we find that this size bias of extinction persists even after accounting for a pervasive bias against the sampling of smaller-bodied genera within classes. The size bias in extinction also persists after including geographic range as an additional predictor of extinction, indicating that correlation between body size and geographic range does not provide a simple explanation for the association between size and extinction. Regardless of the underlying causes, the preferential extinction of smaller-bodied genera across many higher taxa and most of geologic time indicates that the selective loss of large-bodied animals is the exception, rather than the rule, in the evolution of marine animals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2019.43",
    doi = "10.1017/pab.2019.43",
    openalex = "W3004318181",
    references = "doi107208chicago97802267310870010001"
}

This chapter describes creation museums as alternative natural history museums that replace evolutionary theory with young-earth creationism, which holds, first, that Genesis 1 depicts God creating the earth and all life forms less than ten thousand years ago, and, second, that Noah’s catastrophic worldwide flood (Genesis 6–9) established the earth’s present topology and fossil record approximately four thousand years ago. Creation museums claim to interpret the Bible as literal history and contend that a careful study of flood geology will prove the truth of the Bible. An examination of the Ark Encounter, the spectacular creation museum of Answers in Genesis, reveals that the exhibits routinely supersede scripture with the wholesale fabrication of historical information. For young-earth creationists, nevertheless, the museum simply feels true and functions as a pilgrimage site.

@article{doi101093oxfordhb978019046141601328,
    author = "Ziegler, Valarie H.",
    title = "Touring Creation Museums, Featuring Dinosaurs in Eden, Philandering Aliens, and the Flood That Changed Molecular Reality!",
    year = "2020",
    booktitle = "The Oxford Handbook of the Bible and American Popular Culture",
    abstract = "This chapter describes creation museums as alternative natural history museums that replace evolutionary theory with young-earth creationism, which holds, first, that Genesis 1 depicts God creating the earth and all life forms less than ten thousand years ago, and, second, that Noah’s catastrophic worldwide flood (Genesis 6–9) established the earth’s present topology and fossil record approximately four thousand years ago. Creation museums claim to interpret the Bible as literal history and contend that a careful study of flood geology will prove the truth of the Bible. An examination of the Ark Encounter, the spectacular creation museum of Answers in Genesis, reveals that the exhibits routinely supersede scripture with the wholesale fabrication of historical information. For young-earth creationists, nevertheless, the museum simply feels true and functions as a pilgrimage site.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c5123931d40d6430fdd2ab0464f09a1b3c3a3c06",
    doi = "10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190461416.013.28",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "471-487",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "2",
    semanticscholar_id = "c5123931d40d6430fdd2ab0464f09a1b3c3a3c06"
}

Abstract Whilst bones present a static view of extinct animals, fossil footprints are a direct record of the activity and motion of the track maker. Deep footprints are a particularly good record of foot motion. Such footprints rarely look like the feet that made them; the sediment being heavily disturbed by the foot motion. Because of this, such tracks are often overlooked or dismissed in preference for more foot‐like impressions. However, the deeper the foot penetrates the substrate, the more motion is captured in the sediment volume. We have used deep, penetrative, Jurassic dinosaur tracks which have been naturally split into layers, to reconstruct foot motions of animals living over 200 million years ago. We consider these reconstructions to be hypotheses of motion. To test these hypotheses, we use the Discrete Element Method, in which individual particles of substrate are simulated in response to a penetrating foot model. Simulations that produce virtual tracks morphologically similar to the fossils lend support to the motion being plausible, while simulations that result in very different final tracks serve to reject the hypothesis of motion and help generate a new hypothesis.

@article{doi101111pala12502,
    author = "Falkingham, Peter and Turner, Morgan L. and Gatesy, Stephen M.",
    title = "Constructing and testing hypotheses of dinosaur foot motions from fossil tracks using digitization and simulation",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Whilst bones present a static view of extinct animals, fossil footprints are a direct record of the activity and motion of the track maker. Deep footprints are a particularly good record of foot motion. Such footprints rarely look like the feet that made them; the sediment being heavily disturbed by the foot motion. Because of this, such tracks are often overlooked or dismissed in preference for more foot‐like impressions. However, the deeper the foot penetrates the substrate, the more motion is captured in the sediment volume. We have used deep, penetrative, Jurassic dinosaur tracks which have been naturally split into layers, to reconstruct foot motions of animals living over 200 million years ago. We consider these reconstructions to be hypotheses of motion. To test these hypotheses, we use the Discrete Element Method, in which individual particles of substrate are simulated in response to a penetrating foot model. Simulations that produce virtual tracks morphologically similar to the fossils lend support to the motion being plausible, while simulations that result in very different final tracks serve to reject the hypothesis of motion and help generate a new hypothesis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12502",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12502",
    openalex = "W3051929819",
    references = "coombs1980swimming, doi101002jez589, doi1010079783540472261, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s001669958880038x, doi101073pnas1416252111, doi1010800272463420171314298, doi1010800272463420201781142, doi1010801042094020171350856, doi10108809650393181015012, doi101109cvpr20115995693, doi101111jzo12110, doi101111pala12373, doi101130g23452a1, doi1023073514816, doi1026879264, openalexw2294506137, openalexw2593733766, openalexw2619609965"
}

@incollection{gillard2024noah,
    author = "Gillard, Bill",
    title = "Noah and the Flood (1450 B.C.) Genesis 6–9",
    year = "2024",
    booktitle = "The Routledge Anthology of Climate Fiction",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032701523-2",
    doi = "10.4324/9781032701523-2",
    openalex = "W4403333285",
    pages = "11-16"
}